TGR5 Modulators and Methods of Use Thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to compounds of Formula A: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. The compounds of Formula A are TGR5 modulators useful for the treatment of various diseases, including metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, liver disease, autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, kidney disease, cancer, and gastrointestinal disease.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/622,123, filed Nov. 19, 2009 (allowed) and claims priority under 35U.S.C. §119 to European Application No. 08169462.2, filed Nov. 19, 2008,the contents of which are incorporated herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to compounds that modulate TGR5 and compositionsuseful in methods for the treatment and/or prevention of variousdiseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

TGR5 receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that has been identifiedas a cell-surface receptor that is responsive to bile acids (BAs). Theprimary structure of TGR5 and its responsiveness to bile acids has beenfound to be highly conserved in TGR5 among human, bovine, rabbit, rat,and mouse, and thus suggests that TGR5 has important physiologicalfunctions. TGR5 has been found to be widely distributed in not onlylymphoid tissues but also in other tissues. High levels of TGR5 mRNAhave been detected in placenta, spleen, and monocytes/macrophages. Bileacids have been shown to induce internalization of the TGR5 fusionprotein from the cell membrane to the cytoplasm. Kawamata et al. 2003,J. Bio. Chem., 278, 9435. TGR5 has been found to be identical to hGPCR19reported by Takeda et al. 2002, FEBS Lett. 520, 97-101.

TGR5 is associated with the intracellular accumulation of cAMP, that iswidely expressed in diverse cell types. While the activation of thismembrane receptor in macrophages decreases pro-inflammatory cytokineproduction, (Kawamata, Y., et al. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 9435-9440)the stimulation of TGR5 by BAs in adipocytes and myocytes enhancesenergy expenditure (Watanabe, M. et al. Nature. 2006, 439, 484-489).This latter effect involves the cAMP-dependent induction of type 2iodothyronine deiodinase (D2), which by, locally converting T4 into T3,gives rise to increased thyroid hormone activity. Consistent with therole of TGR5 in the control of energy metabolism, female TGR5 knock-outmice show a significant fat accumulation with body weight gain whenchallenged with a high fat diet, indicating that the lack of TGR5decreases energy expenditure and elicits obesity (Maruyama, T., et al.J. Endocrinol. 2006, 191, 197-205). In addition and in line with theinvolvement of TGR5 in energy homeostasis, bile acid activation of themembrane receptor has also been reported to promote the production ofglucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in murine enteroendocrine cell lines(Katsuma, S., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 329, 386-390). On thebasis of all the above observations, TGR5 is an attractive target forthe treatment of disease e.g., obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

In addition to the use of TGR5 agonists for the treatment and preventionof metabolic diseases, compounds that modulate TGR5 modulators are alsouseful for the treatment of other diseases e.g., central nervousdiseases as well as inflammatory diseases (WO 01/77325 and WO 02/84286).Modulators of TGR5 also provide methods of regulating bile acid andcholesterol homeostasis, fatty acid absorption, and protein andcarbohydrate digestion.

Relatively few examples of TGR5 agonists have been described inliterature. Recently, 23-alkyl-substituted and 6,23-alkyl-disubstitutedderivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), such as the compound6α-ethyl-23(S)-methyl-chenodeoxycholic acid shown below, have beenreported as potent and selective agonists of TGR5 (Pellicciari, R.; etal. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 4265-4268).

In particular, the methylation (S-configuration) at the C₂₃-position ofnatural bile acids (BAs) confers a marked selectivity to TGR5 over FXR(farnesoid X receptor) activation, whereas the 6α-alkyl substitutionincreases the potency at both receptors. Some examples of other TGR5agonists include6-Methy1-2-oxo-4-thiophen-2-y1-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrimidine-5-carboxylicacid benzyl ester (WO004067008, Takeda Chemical Industries LTD, Japan,2004) and oleanoic acid (Sato, H. et al. Biochem. and Biophys. Res.Commun. 2007, 362, 793-798; Ito, F. et al. WO2004067008, 2004). Morerecently, the first synthesis of enantiomeric chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA) has allowed access to studying thespecificity of the interaction of natural BAs with TGR5 (Katona, B. W.et al. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 6048-6058).

Recently developed TGR5 agonists have also provided for the first time apharmacological differentiation of genomic versus nongenomic effects ofBAs and have also allowed for informative structure-activityrelationship studies, for example, the presence of an accessory bindingpocket in TGR5 has been found to play a pivotal role in determiningligand selectivity (See, Pellicciari, et al. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50,4265-4268). In this context, the availability of more potent andselective TGR5 modulators is necessary to further identify additionalfeatures affecting receptor activation and characterize thephysiological and pharmacological actions of this receptor in order tobetter understand its relationship to the prevention and treatment ofdisease.

To this end, of particular interest were the biological andphysicochemical properties of the compound cholic acid (CA), which hasthe structure shown below:

Cholic acid is a primary bile acid in human and many animal species,also reported as one of the main components together with bilirubin ofCalculus Bovis, a highly valued traditional Chinese medicine (Chen, X.,Biochem. Pharmacol. 2002, 63, 533-541). Cholic acid (CA) differs fromchenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and its derivatives described above by thepresence at C-12 of an additional alpha-hydroxyl group oriented on thepolar side of the molecule. This “minor” structural difference accountsfor the remarkably different physicochemical and biological features ofthese two bile acids. With respect to CDCA, protonated CA is about4-fold more soluble and relatively less detergent as a result of itshydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and polarity. Moreover, CA is devoid ofactivity toward FXR receptor (EC50>100 μM) while showing moderateagonistic activity on TGR5 (EC50=13.6 μM). As an even more importantconsideration, it was previously reported that the pharmacologicaladministration of CA at 0.5% w/w in diet-induced obese mice efficientlyprevents and treats metabolic syndrome (Katsuma, S., Biochem. Biophys.Res. Commun. 2005, 329, 386). While this study provided interestingresults related to the endocrine functions of bile acids, the highdosage required (0.5% w/w) still limited the proof of concept concerningthe therapeutic relevance of TGR5 in the context of metabolic diseases,since the modulation of other and unknown targets could not be ruled outat that dose. An additional issue was also the risk associated withtesting a high dose of CA in clinical trials due to the production ofthe toxic secondary metabolite BA DCA via extensive and efficientintestinal bacteria 7α-dehydroxylation (Nagengast, F. M., Eur. J.Cancer, 1995, 31A, 1067).

Thus, there is a need for the development of TGR5 modulators for thetreatment and/or prevention of various diseases. The present inventionhas identified compounds that modulate TGR5 as well as methods of usingthese compounds to treat or prevent disease.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to TGR5 modulators and their use to treatand/or prevent various diseases. The invention relates to compoundsaccording to formula A:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. In formula A, variablesR₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, and R₁₀ can be selected from therespective groups of chemical moieties later defined in the detaileddescription. The invention includes a composition comprising a compoundof the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate,hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and at least one pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient. The invention also includes the use of acomposition or compound of the invention or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, in themanufacture of a medicament for a treating or preventing a disease in asubject. In one aspect, the disease is selected from metabolic disease,inflammatory disease, liver disease, autoimmune disease, cardiacdisease, kidney disease, cancer, and gastrointestinal disease.

The above description sets forth rather broadly the more importantfeatures of the present invention in order that the detailed descriptionthereof that follows may be understood, and in order that the presentcontributions to the art may be better appreciated. Other objects andfeatures of the present invention will become apparent from thefollowing detailed description considered in conjunction with theexamples.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a graph that shows the impact of compound Ih3e on body weightgain in chow and high fat fed mice.

FIG. 2 is a legend for a series of nine graphs (FIGS. 2A-21) that showschanges in the metabolic profile of high fat fed mice and chow diet fedmice treated with vehicle and compound Ih3e. FIG. 2A is a bar graph thatshows a comparison of the plasma levels of blood glucose. FIG. 2B is abar graph that shows a comparison of the levels of the liver enzyme LDH.FIG. 2C is a bar graph that shows a comparison of the levels of theliver enzyme ASAT. FIG. 2D is a bar graph that shows a comparison of thelevels of the liver enzyme ALAT. FIG. 2E is a bar graph that shows acomparison of the heart rate. FIG. 2F is a bar graph that shows acomparison of total cholesterol. FIG. 2G is a bar graph that shows acomparison of the levels of HDL-cholesterol. FIG. 2H is a bar graph thatshows a comparison of the levels of LDL-cholesterol. FIG. 2I is a bargraph that shows a comparison of the levels of triglycerides.

FIG. 3 is a series of graphs (A-B) that show the results of plasmainsulin analysis and oral glucose tolerance test in chow and high fatfed mice treated with compound Ih3e.

FIG. 4 is a graph that shows changes in glucose levels in chow diet micetreated with compound Ih3e.

FIG. 5 is a series of graphs (A-D) that show insulin release in vivoafter a test meal in chow and high fat fed mice treated with compoundIh3e.

FIG. 6 is a legend for a series of graphs (FIGS. 6A-6D) that showsoxygen consumption and CO2 production as measured by indirectcalorimetry in chow and high fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e.FIG. 6A is a graph that shows a comparison of oxygen consumption (VO₂)from 3 pm to 9 am. FIG. 6B is a graph that shows a comparison of carbondioxide release (VCO₂) from 3 pm to 9 am. FIG. 6C is a bar graph thatshows a comparison of oxygen release (VO₂) during dark phase. FIG. 6D isa bar graph that shows a comparison of carbon dioxide release (VO2)during dark phase.

FIG. 7 are three graphs (A-C) that show the respiratory exchange ratio(RER) value as calculated after indirect calorimetry in chow and highfat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e.

FIG. 8 is a series of graphs (A-B) that show locomotor activity and foodand water intake for chow and high fat fed mice treated with compoundIh3e.

FIG. 9 is a legend for a series of graphs (FIGS. 9A-9C) that showschanges in body, organ, and tissue weights for chow and high fat fedmice treated and not treated with compound Ih3e. FIG. 9A is a bar graphthat shows the percentage change in body weight, organ weight (liver,kidney, and heart), and adipose tissue weight (peri WAT, epi WAT, ScWAT, and BAT) in mice fed a chow diet plus compound Ih3e. FIG. 9B is abar graph that shows the percentage change in body weight and organweight (liver, kidney, and heart) in mice fed a high fat diet and inmice fed a high fat diet plus compound Ih3e. FIG. 9C is a bar graph thatshows the percentage change in adipose tissue weight (peri WAT, epi WAT,Sc WAT, and BAT) in mice fed a high fat diet and in mice fed a high fatdiet plus compound Ih3e.

FIG. 10 is a graph that depicts the surface tension plotted against thelogarithm of the concentrating of compound Ih3e (mM) in NaCl 0.15M.

FIG. 11 is a bile flow chart for a duodenal infusion experimentperformed using compound Ih3e.

FIG. 12 is a bile flow chart for a femoral infusion experiment performedusing compound Ih3e.

FIG. 13 is a graph that depicts secretion rates verses time in femoraland duodenal infusion experiments performed using compound Ih3e.

FIG. 14 is a series of graphs (A-D) related to compound Ih3e and itsmetabolites. FIG. 14A that shows compound Ih3e and its main metabolitesidentified in bile using mass spectrometry in the iv experiment. Dataare reported as absolute area values. FIG. 14 b is a zoom display ofFIG. 14A. FIG. 14C shows compound Ih3e and its main metabolitesidentified in bile using mass spectrometry. FIG. 14D is a zoom displayof FIG. 14C.

FIG. 15 is a graph that shows the stability of compound Ih3e (triangle)and CA (square) in human stool culture.

FIG. 16 is a bar graph that shows the dose-dependent release of GLP-1 exvivo induced by compound Ih3e.

FIG. 17A shows correlation plots for liver mRNA expression of TGR5 andCoxVI1 a in the mouse BxD genetic reference population (n=41).

FIG. 17B is a bar graph that shows Cox activity in STC-1 cells treatedfor 1 hr with compound Ih3e at the concentration indicated. Vehicle oradenylate cyclase inhibitor MDL-12330-A (MDL) (1 μM) was added 15 minprior to treatment (n=3).

FIG. 17C is a graph showing oxygen consumption in STC-1 cells asmeasured using the XF24 extracellular flux analyzer (SeahorseBioscience). The first vertical dotted line indicates the addition ofvehicle or MDL-12330-A (MDL) to culture medium, and the second dottedline depicts the treatment with compound Ih3e at 1 (n=10).

FIG. 17D is a bar graph that shows ATP/ADP ratio in STC-1 cells treatedas in FIG. B (n=3).

FIG. 17E shows correlation plots for liver mRNA expression of TGR5 andKir6.2 in the mouse BxD genetic reference population according to asimilar strategy as described FIG. A.

FIG. 17F is a bar graph that shows mRNA expression levels of TGR5,CoxIV, and Kir6.2 in STC-1 cells transfected for 36 hr with control ormTGR5 shRNA as was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Target mRNAlevels were normalized to 36B4 mRNA levels (n=3). The data arerepresented as mean±SE; Student's unpaired t test; *p<0.05.

FIG. 18A shows correlation plots for liver mRNA expression of TGR5 andCav2.2 in the mouse BxD genetic reference population (n=41) as found atthe GeneNetwork University of Tennessee website.

FIGS. 18B and 18C are graphs that show intracellular calcium level inNCI-H716 cells transfected with mock vector, hTGR5 expression vector, orhTGR5 siRNA for 36 hr and treated with 1 (B) or 10 μM (C) of compoundIh3e. The arrow represents compound Ih3e treatment (n=3).

FIG. 18D is a graph that shows the intracellular calcium level inNCI-H716 cells treated with 3 μM of compound Ih3e (indicated by thearrow) in the presence of vehicle or adenylate cyclase inhibitorMDL-12330-A (MDL) (10 μM). MDL or vehicle was added 15 min prior tocompound Ih3e treatment (n=3).

FIG. 18E is a graph that shows the intracellular calcium level inNCI-H716 cells treated with 1% glucose and then with 1 μM of compoundIh3e (n=3).

FIG. 18F is a bar graph that shows GLP-1 release in NCI-H716 cellstreated with 1% glucose or 1 μM compound Ih3e, or a combination of bothagents (n=3).

FIG. 18G is a bar graph that shows GLP-1 release in STC-1 cellstransfected for 36 hr with control, mTGR5 expression vector, or mTGR5shRNA and then exposed 30 min to compound Ih3e at the indicatedconcentration. A DPP4 inhibitor (Millipore) was added into culturemedium at 0.1% (n=3).

FIG. 18H is a bar graph that shows the impact of 30 min of compound Ih3etreatment on GLP-1 release in STC-1 cells transfected with mTGR5expression vector in the presence of vehicle or adenylate cyclaseinhibitor MDL-1 2330-A (10 μM). MDL or vehicle was added 15 min prior tocompound Ih3e treatment. A DPP4 inhibitor (Millipore) was added intoculture medium at 0.1% (n=3). The data are represented as mean±SE.Student's unpaired t test; ^(#)p<0.05 vehicle versus compound Ih3etreatment; ^(#)p<0.05 vehicle versus MDL-1 2330-A treatment.

FIG. 19A is a graph which shows the results of an oral glucose tolerancetest (OGTT) in male TGR5-Tg mice fed for 10 weeks with HF diet and inage-matched male littermates fed with a CD or a HF diet for the sameduration. All mice were 8 weeks old at the initiation of the HF diet.Bodyweight of TGR5-Tg and control littermates was 37.9±1.7 g and37.0±1.8 g, respectively (n=8; not statistically different). Theadjacent bar graph represents the average area under the curve (AUC)(n=8).

FIGS. 19B and 19C show plasma levels of insulin (top panel) and GLP-1(bottom panel) during OGTT (19B) or before and after a test mealchallenge (19C) (n=8).

FIG. 19D is a bar graph that shows GLP-1 release from ileal explantsisolated from control and TGR5-Tg male mice fed for 18 weeks with HFdiet and exposed for 1 hr to the indicated concentrations of LCA (n=4).

FIG. 19E is a series of pictures which are representativeimmunofluorescent insulin-stained pancreatic sections from TGR5-Tg malemice fed with a HF diet for 20 weeks or from male age-matchedlittermates fed with a CD or a HF diet for the same duration.

FIG. 19F is a bar graph that shows a distribution profile of pancreaticislets from male TGR5-Tg mice and control littermates fed with a CD or aHF diet as described in (FIG. 19E). Islets were counted and sized by theImageJ analysis software on four H&E-stained alternated pancreaticsections spaced each by 150 μM (n=5).

FIG. 19G is a bar graph that shows insulin content incollagenase-isolated pancreatic islets from male TGR5-Tg mice andcontrol littermates fed with a CD or a HF diet as described in (FIG.19E).

FIG. 19H is a graph that shows the results of an OGTT in TGR5^(−/−) andTGR5^(+/+) male mice fed with a HF diet for 8 weeks. The insetrepresents the average AUC. Body weight of TGR5^(−/−) and TGR5^(+/+)male mice at time of analysis was 46.3±3.9 g and 51.9±2.0 g,respectively (n=8; not statistically different).

FIGS. 19I and 19J are graphs that show plasma GLP-1 levels in CD-fedTGR5^(+/+) (FIG. 19I) and TGR5^(−/−) mice (FIG. 19J) after an oralglucose challenge, preceded 30 min before by the oral administration ofsaline or compound Ih3e (30 mg/kg), alone or in combination with adipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i, 3 mg/kg) (n=6). The data arerepresented as mean±SE. Student's unpaired t test; ^(#)p<0.05, HF-fedcompared to HF-fed compound Ih3e-treated mice; and ^(#)p<0.05, HF-fedversus CD-fed mice except for (I) and (J), where * assessed saline- orDPP4i-treated mice versus compound Ih3e or Ih3e+DPP4i-treated mice, and^(#)saline-versus DPP4i-treated mice.

FIG. 20A is graph which shows the results of measurement by HPLC ofplasma compound Ih3e levels in CD-, HF-, and HF-fed Ih3e-treated maleC57BL6/J mice.

FIG. 20B is a graph that shows the result of dietary intervention withcompound Ih3e (30 mg/kg/d) was started after a 14-week period of HFfeeding at the time indicated by the arrow. Body weight evolution in allgroups was followed throughout the study (n=8).

FIG. 20C is a bar graph that shows body composition as assessed by qNMRafter 8 weeks of dietary intervention (n=8).

FIG. 20D is a bar graph that shows organ mass as expressed as percent ofthe weight of CD-fed control mice.

FIG. 20E is a bar graph that shows food intake (n=8).

FIG. 20F is a series of bar graphs which show spontaneous horizontalactivity and energy expenditure, evaluated by the measurement of oxygenconsumption (VO₂) and carbon dioxide release (VCO₂), that were monitoredover a 18 hr period 6 weeks after the initiation of the dietaryintervention. The respiratory quotient (RQ) was calculated as the ratioVCO₂/VO₂. Bar graphs represent the average AUC. For the RQ, bar graphsrepresent the average (n=8).

FIG. 20G is a bar graph that shows gene expression in BAT by real-timequantitative PCR after 18 weeks of dietary intervention. Target mRNAlevels were normalized to 36B4 mRNA levels (n=8).

FIG. 20H is a graph that shows primary brown adipocytes isolated fromCD-fed C57BL/6J male mice were cultured for 12 hr with vehicle or 3 μMcompound Ih3e, and O₂ consumption was measured by using the XF24extracellular flux analyzer (Seahorse Bioscience) (n=5). The dottedlines illustrate the addition of the uncoupling agent FCCP at successivedoses of 250 and 500 nM.

FIG. 20I is a series of pictures that are representative pictures of oilredO (ORO) staining of cryosections (top panel) and Sirius red stainingof paraffin-embedded sections (bottom panel) of the liver at the end ofthe dietary intervention. Fibrosis is indicated by the arrow.

FIG. 20J is a series of bar graphs that show Lipid content in liversamples extracted according to Folch's method (n=8).

FIGS. 20K and 20 is a series of bar graphs that show plasma levels ofliver enzymes (FIG. 20K) and lipids (FIG. 20L) at the end of the dietaryintervention (n=8). The data are represented as the mean±SE. Student'sunpaired t test; *p<0.05, HF-fed compared to HF-fed Ih3e-treated mice;and ^(#)p<0.05, HF-fed versus CD-fed mice.

FIG. 21A is a graph that shows the result of an OGTT in CD- and HF-fedmale C57BL6/J mice supplemented with 30 mg/kg/d compound Ih3e for 8weeks following the onset of obesity induced by feeding a HF diet during10 weeks. The inset represents the average AUC. Body weight of vehicleand compound Ih3e treated mice was 38.08±1.83 g and 32.26±0.95 g,respectively (n=8; p<0.05).

FIG. 21B is a graph that shows fasting glycemia and insulinemia (4 hrfasting) in DIO mice after 3 weeks of dietary intervention with compoundIh3e (top panel). Plasma insulin levels during OGTT in DIO mice (bottompanel).

FIG. 21C is a graph that shows the result of an OGTT in 14-week-oldCD-fed db/db male mice treated with 30 mg/kg/d compound Ih3e for 6weeks. The inset shows the average AUC (n=8).

FIG. 21D is a graph that shows fasting (4 hr) glycemia and insulinemiain db/db mice after 6 weeks of treatment with compound Ih3e (top panel).Plasma insulin levels during OGTT in DIO mice (bottom panel).

FIG. 21E is a series of two bar graphs that show insulin sensitivityevaluated through the average glucose infusion rate at equilibrium(euglycemia) in a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (10 mUinsulin/min/kg) in DIO mice (following the onset of obesity induced byfeeding a HF diet during 10 weeks) after 10 weeks of dietaryintervention with compound Ih3e (30 mg/kg/d) (n=5). The evaluation ofliver glucose production and its suppression by insulin, as well as therate of glucose disappearance, was assessed at equilibrium using3H-glucose (n=5).

FIG. 21F is a series of bar graphs that show insulin-stimulated glucoseuptake in the indicated tissues was measured by using 14C-2-deoxyglucosetracers (n=5).

FIG. 21G is a series of bar graphs that show gene expression profilingin liver that was performed by real-time quantitative PCR. Target mRNAlevels were normalized to 36B4 levels (n=8). The data are represented asmean±SE. Student's unpaired t test; *p 0.05, HF-fed compared to HF-fedcompound Ih3e treated mice; and ^(#)p<0.05, HF-fed versus CD-fed mice.

FIG. 22A is a series of graphs that shows the results of a study whereTGR5^(+/+) and TGR5^(−/−) male mice were fed a HF diet for 9 weeks, anda first OGTT was performed thereafter. HF was then supplemented withcompound Ih3e at 30 mg/kg/d. A second OGTT was performed 4 weeks aftertreatment with compound Ih3e was initiated. Curves represent glucosetolerance before and after 4 weeks' treatment with compound Ih3e inTGR5^(+/+) (left panel) and TGR5^(−/−) (right panel) mice. The insetrepresents the average AUC. In TGR5^(+/+) mice, body weight before andafter compound Ih3e treatment was 46.86±3.54 g and 43.50±3.47 g,respectively (n=8; not statistically different). In TGR5˜/ mice, bodyweight before and after compound Ih3e treatment was 54.34±2.23 g and52.30±2.72 g, respectively (n=8; not statistically different).

FIG. 22B is a series of graphs which show plasma insulin levels thatwere concurrently measured during the OGTT in DIO in TGR5^(+/+) (leftpanel) and TGR5^(−/−) (right panel) mice before and after 4 weeks'treatment with compound Ih3e. The inset represents the average AUC(n=8). The data are represented as mean±SE. Student's unpaired t test;*p<0.05, vehicle compared to compound Ih3e 7-treated mice.

FIG. 23 is a graph that shows compounds Ih3e and Ii3e bile flow rates ina femoral infusion experiment at 1 μmol/min/kg for 1 h and bile flowrate in a femoral experiment as control infusing 3% BSA physiologicalsolution for 1 h.

FIG. 24 is a graph that shows compound Ih3e and tauro-Ih3e secretionrates vs. time in a femoral experiment at 1 μmol/min/kg for 1 h.

FIG. 25 is a graph that shows compound Ii3e and tauro-Ii3e secretionrates vs. time in femoral experiment at 1 μmol/min/kg for 1 h.

FIG. 26 is a graph that shows compound Ih3e and its main metabolitesidentified in bile samples collected during the femoral infusionexperiment. Data are reported as absolute area values.

FIG. 27 is a zoom display of FIG. 26.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying description below. Although any methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice or testing of the present invention, the methods and materialsare now described. Other features, objects, and advantages of theinvention will be apparent from the description. In the specification,the singular forms also include the plural unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical andscientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonlyunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this inventionbelongs. In the case of conflict, the present specification willcontrol.

DEFINITIONS

For convenience, certain terms used in the specification, examples andappended claims are collected here.

The term “treating”, as used herein, means relieving, lessening,reducing, eliminating, modulating, or ameliorating, i.e. causingregression of the disease state or condition.

The term “preventing”, as used herein means, to completely or almostcompletely stop a disease state or condition, from occurring in apatient or subject, especially when the patient or subject ispredisposed to such or at risk of contracting a disease state orcondition.

Preventing can also include inhibiting, i.e. arresting the development,of a disease state or condition, and relieving or ameliorating, i.e.causing regression of the disease state or condition, for example whenthe disease state or condition may already be present.

The term “6-Et,23(S)-MeCA” refers to the compound Ih3e having thechemical structure:

Alternatively, compound Ih3e may also be referred to as6α-ethyl-(23S)-methyl-3α,7α,12αtrihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid.

As used herein, “BA” means bile acid and bile acid derivatives. Bileacids are steroid carboxylic acids derived from cholesterol. The primarybile acids are cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids. In the body, theseacids are conjugated with glycine or taurine before they are secretedinto the bile.

“Alkyl” includes saturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chainalkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl,octyl, nonyl, decyl), branched-chain alkyl groups (e.g., isopropyl,tert-butyl, isobutyl), cycloalkyl (e.g., alicyclic) groups (e.g.,cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl), alkylsubstituted cycloalkyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl groups.In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has sixor fewer carbon atoms in its backbone, referred to as “lower alkyl”(e.g., C₁-C₆ for straight chain meaning 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbonatoms, C₃-C₆ for branched chain meaning 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms). Insome examples, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has four orfewer carbon atoms in its backbone. Further, cycloalkyls have 3, 4, 5,6, 7, or 8 carbon atoms in their ring structure.

The term “substituted alkyl” refers to an alkyl moieties having asubstituent replace one or more hydrogen atoms on at least one or morecarbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, forexample, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy,arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate,alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl,alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl,phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino (including alkylamino,dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino(including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido),amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate,sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromaticor heteroaromatic moiety.

“Aryl” includes groups with aromaticity, including 5- and 6-membered“unconjugated”, or single-ring, aromatic groups that may include fromzero to four heteroatoms, as well as “conjugated”, or multicyclic,systems with at least one aromatic ring. Examples of aryl groups includebenzene, phenyl, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, thiazole, isothiazole,imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole, oxazole, isooxazole, pyridine,pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine, and the like. Furthermore, theterm “aryl” includes multicyclic aryl groups, e.g., tricyclic, bicyclic,e.g., naphthalene, benzoxazole, benzodioxazole, benzothiazole,benzoimidazole, benzothiophene, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinoline,isoquinoline, napthridine, indole, benzofuran, purine, benzofuran,deazapurine, or indolizine. Those aryl groups having heteroatoms in thering structure may also be referred to as “aryl heterocycles”,“heterocycles,” “heteroaryls” or “heteroaromatics”. The aromatic ringcan be substituted at least one ring position with such substituents asdescribed above, as for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy,alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl,aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl,alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, cyano, amino(including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, andalkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino,arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl,alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl,sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido,heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Arylgroups can also be fused or bridged with alicyclic or heterocyclicrings, which are not aromatic so as to form a multicyclic system (e.g.,tetralin, methylenedioxyphenyl).

Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, “lower alkyl”includes an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from one to ten,for example, from one to six, carbon atoms in its backbone structure.

The term “alkoxy” or “alkoxyl” includes alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynylgroups covalently linked to an oxygen atom. Examples of alkoxy groups(or alkoxyl radicals) include methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy,butoxy, and pentoxy groups.

The term “ether” includes compounds or moieties which contain an oxygenbonded to two different carbon atoms or heteroatoms. For example, theterm includes “alkoxyalkyl” which refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, oralkynyl group covalently bonded to an oxygen atom which is covalentlybonded to another alkyl group.

The term “ester” includes compounds and moieties which contain a carbonor a heteroatom bound to an oxygen atom which is bonded to the carbon ofa carbonyl group. The term “ester” includes alkoxycarboxy groups such asmethoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl,pentoxycarbonyl, etc. The alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups are asdefined above.

The term “hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” includes groups with an —OH or —O⁻.

The term “halogen” includes fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine, etc.The term “perhalogenated” generally refers to a moiety wherein allhydrogens are replaced by halogen atoms.

An “anionic group,” as used herein, refers to a group that is negativelycharged at physiological pH. Anionic groups include carboxylate,sulfate, sulfonate, sulfinate, sulfamate, tetrazolyl, phosphate,phosphonate, phosphinate, or phosphorothioate or functional equivalentsthereof. “Functional equivalents” of anionic groups are intended toinclude bioisosteres, e.g., bioisosteres of a carboxylate group.Bioisosteres encompass both classical bioisosteric equivalents andnon-classical bioisosteric equivalents. Classical and non-classicalbioisosteres are known in the art (see, e.g., Silverman, R. B. TheOrganic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, Academic Press, Inc.:San Diego, Calif., 1992, pp. 19-23). Another anionic group is acarboxylate.

The term “unstable functionality” refers to a substitution pattern thatcontains a labile linkage, e.g., a functionality or bond that issusceptible to hydrolysis or cleavage under physiological conditions(e.g., aqueous solutions in the neutral pH range). Examples of unstablefunctionalities include acetals and ketals.

The terms “crystal polymorphs” or “polymorphs” refer to the existence ofmore than one crystal form for a compound, salt or solvate thereof.Crystal polymorphs of the bile acid analog compounds are prepared bycrystallization under different conditions.

The term “R-EMCA” refers to the compound 6α-ethyl-23(R)-methylcholicacid having the structure:

Alternatively may be referred to as6α-ethyl-(23R)-methyl-3α,7α,12αtrihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid

Additionally, the compounds of the present invention, for example, thesalts of the compounds, can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (theanhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules. Nonlimitingexamples of hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Nonlimitingexamples of solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc.

“Solvates” means solvent addition forms that contain eitherstoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compoundshave a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in thecrystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is waterthe solvate formed is a hydrate, when the solvent is alcohol, thesolvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combinationof one or more molecules of water with one of the substances in whichthe water retains its molecular state as H₂O, such combination beingable to form one or more hydrate.

It will be noted that the structure of some of the compounds of theinvention include asymmetric carbon atoms. It is to be understoodaccordingly that the isomers arising from such asymmetry (e.g., allenantiomers and diastereomers) are included within the scope of theinvention, unless indicated otherwise. Such isomers can be obtained insubstantially pure form by classical separation techniques and bystereochemically controlled synthesis. Enantiomers (R- andS-configurations) are named according to the system developed by R. S.Cahn, C. Ingold, and V. Prelog.

Further, the structures and other compounds discussed in thisapplication include all atropic isomers thereof. Atropic isomers are atype of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two isomers are arrangeddifferently in space. Atropic isomers owe their existence to arestricted rotation caused by hindrance of rotation of large groupsabout a central bond. Such atropic isomers typically exist as a mixture,however as a result of recent advances in chromatography techniques, ithas been possible to separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in selectcases.

“Stable compound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate acompound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a usefuldegree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into anefficacious therapeutic agent.

As used herein, the term “analog” refers to a chemical compound that isstructurally similar to another but differs slightly in composition (asin the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element or inthe presence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of onefunctional group by another functional group). Thus, an analog is acompound that is similar to or comparable in function and appearance tothe reference compound.

As defined herein, the term “derivative”, e.g., in the term “bile acidderivatives”, refers to compounds that have a common core 4-memberedring structure, and are substituted with various groups as describedherein.

The term “bioisostere” refers to a compound resulting from the exchangeof an atom or of a group of atoms with another, broadly similar, atom orgroup of atoms. The bioisosteric replacement may be physicochemically ortopologically based. Examples of carboxylic acid bioisosteres includeacyl sulfonimides, tetrazoles, sulfonates, and phosphonates. See, e.g.,Patani and LaVoie, Chem. Rev. 96, 3147-3176 (1996).

“Combination therapy” (or “co-therapy”) includes the administration of acompound of the invention and at least a second agent as part of aspecific treatment regimen intended to provide the beneficial effectfrom the co-action of these therapeutic agents (i.e., the compound ofthe invention and at least a second agent). The beneficial effect of thecombination includes, but is not limited to, pharmacokinetic orpharmacodynamic co-action resulting from the combination of therapeuticagents. Administration of these therapeutic agents in combinationtypically is carried out over a defined time period (usually minutes,hours, days or weeks depending upon the combination selected).“Combination therapy” may, but generally is not, intended to encompassthe administration of two or more of these therapeutic agents as part ofseparate monotherapy regimens that incidentally and arbitrarily resultin the combinations of the present invention. “Combination therapy” isintended to embrace administration of these therapeutic agents in asequential manner, that is, wherein each therapeutic agent isadministered at a different time, as well as administration of thesetherapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in asubstantially simultaneous manner. Substantially simultaneousadministration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to thesubject a single capsule having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agentor in multiple, single capsules for each of the therapeutic agents.Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of eachtherapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including,but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscularroutes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues. Thetherapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by differentroutes. For example, a first therapeutic agent of the combinationselected may be administered by intravenous injection while the othertherapeutic agents of the combination may be administered orally.Alternatively, for example, all therapeutic agents may be administeredorally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenousinjection. The sequence in which the therapeutic agents are administeredis not narrowly critical.

“Combination therapy” also embraces the administration of thetherapeutic agents as described above in further combination with otherbiologically active ingredients and non-drug therapies (e.g., surgery ormechanical treatments). Where the combination therapy further comprisesa non-drug treatment, the non-drug treatment may be conducted at anysuitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of thecombination of the therapeutic agents and non-drug treatment isachieved. For example, in appropriate cases, the beneficial effect isstill achieved when the non-drug treatment is temporally removed fromthe administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or evenweeks.

The terms “parenteral administration” and “administered parenterally” asused herein refer to modes of administration other than enteral andtopical administration, usually by injection, and includes, withoutlimitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-arterial, intrathecal,intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal,transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular,subarachnoid, intraspinal and intrasternal injection and infusion.

The term “pulmonary” as used herein refers to any part, tissue or organwhose primary function is gas exchange with the external environment,e.g., O₂/CO₂ exchange, within a patient. “Pulmonary” typically refers tothe tissues of the respiratory tract. Thus, the phrase “pulmonaryadministration” refers to administering the formulations describedherein to any part, tissue or organ whose primary function is gasexchange with the external environment (e.g., mouth, nose, pharynx,oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, carina, bronchi,bronchioles, alveoli). For purposes of the present invention,“pulmonary” also includes a tissue or cavity that is contingent to therespiratory tract, in particular, the sinuses.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of the invention, ora combination of compounds is an amount (quantity or concentration) ofcompound or compounds. In one embodiment, when a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound is administered to a subject in need oftreatment symptoms arising from the disease are ameliorated immediatelyor after administration of the compound one or more times. The amount ofthe compound to be administered to a subject will depend on theparticular disorder, the mode of administration, co-administeredcompounds, if any, and the characteristics of the subject, such asgeneral health, other diseases, age, sex, genotype, body weight andtolerance to drugs. The skilled artisan will be able to determineappropriate dosages depending on these and other factors.

The term “prophylactically effective amount” means an amount (quantityor concentration) of a compound of the present invention, or acombination of compounds, that is administered to prevent or reduce therisk of a disease—in other words, an amount needed to provide apreventative or prophylactic effect. The amount of the present compoundto be administered to a subject will depend on the particular disorder,the mode of administration, co-administered compounds, if any, and thecharacteristics of the subject, such as general health, other diseases,age, sex, genotype, body weight and tolerance to drugs. The skilledartisan will be able to determine appropriate dosages depending on theseand other factors.

The term “reducing the risk of”, as used herein, means to lower thelikelihood or probability of a central nervous system disease,inflammatory disease and/or metabolic disease from occurring in apatient, especially when the patient or subject is predisposed to suchoccurrence.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” or “salt” of a compound of theinvention is a product of the compound that contains an ionic bond, andis typically produced by reacting the compound with either an acid or abase, suitable for administering to a subject.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to derivativesof the compounds of the invention wherein the parent compound ismodified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to,mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkalior organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and thelike. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventionalnon-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compoundformed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. Forexample, such conventional non-toxic salts include, but are not limitedto, those derived from inorganic and organic acids selected from2-acetoxybenzoic, 2-hydroxyethane sulfonic, acetic, ascorbic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, bicarbonic, carbonic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethane sulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic,glycolic, glycollyarsanilic, hexylresorcinic, hydrabamic, hydrobromic,hydrochloric, hydroiodide, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthoic, isethionic,lactic, lactobionic, lauryl sulfonic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, napsylic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic,phosphoric, polygalacturonic, propionic, salicylic, stearic, subacetic,succinic, sulfamic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tannic, tartaric, and toluenesulfonic.

The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can besynthesized from the parent compound that contains a basic or acidicmoiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can beprepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds witha stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or inan organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, non-aqueousmedia like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrileare preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.,USA, p. 1445 (1990).

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is art-recognized. In certainembodiments, the term includes compositions, polymers and othermaterials and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of soundmedical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humanbeings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergicresponse, or other problem or complication, commensurate with areasonable benefit/risk ratio.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is art-recognized, andincludes, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable materials,compositions or vehicles, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent,excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying ortransporting any subject composition from one organ, or portion of thebody, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be“acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredientsof a subject composition and not injurious to the patient. In certainembodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is non-pyrogenic.Some examples of materials which may serve as pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose andsucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3)cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5)malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter andsuppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil,sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10)glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin,sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyloleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such asmagnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) alginic acid; (16)pyrogen-free water; (17) isotonic saline; (18) Ringer's solution; (19)ethyl alcohol; (20) phosphate buffer solutions; and (21) other non-toxiccompatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.

A “composition” or “pharmaceutically acceptable composition” is aformulation containing a compound of the invention or salt, solvate,hydrate, or prodrug thereof. In one embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is in bulk or in unit dosage form. The unit dosage form isany of a variety of forms, including, for example, a capsule, an IV bag,a tablet, a single pump on an aerosol inhaler, or a vial. The quantityof active ingredient (e.g., a formulation of a compound of the inventionor salts thereof) in a unit dose of composition is an effective amountand is varied according to the particular treatment involved. Oneskilled in the art will appreciate that it is sometimes necessary tomake routine variations to the dosage depending on the age and conditionof the patient. The dosage will also depend on the route ofadministration. A variety of routes are contemplated, including oral,pulmonary, rectal, parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous,intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, and the like. Dosage formsfor the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of thisinvention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions,gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. In another embodiment, theactive compound is mixed under sterile conditions with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives,buffers, or propellants that are required.

The term “flash dose” refers to compound formulations that are rapidlydispersing dosage forms.

The term “immediate release” is defined as a release of compound from adosage form in a relatively brief period of time, generally up to about60 minutes. The term “modified release” is defined to include delayedrelease, extended release, and pulsed release. The term “pulsed release”is defined as a series of releases of drug from a dosage form. The term“sustained release” or “extended release” is defined as continuousrelease of a compound from a dosage form over a prolonged period.

A “subject” includes mammals, e.g., humans, companion animals (e.g.,dogs, cats, birds, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs,horses, fowl, and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice,guinea pigs, birds, and the like). Typically, the subject is human.

Compounds of the invention also include prodrugs or physiologicallyequivalent derivatives. A “prodrug” or “physiologically equivalentderivative” includes a precursor form of the drug which is metabolicallyconverted in vivo to produce the active drug. The invention furthercontemplates the use of prodrugs which are converted in vivo to the TGR5modulating compounds used in the methods of the invention (see, e.g., R.B. Silverman, 1992, “The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and DrugAction”, Academic Press, Chp. 8). Such prodrugs can be used to alter thebiodistribution (e.g., to allow compounds which would not typicallycross the blood-brain barrier to cross the blood-brain barrier) or thepharmacokinetics of the TGR5 modulating compound. For example, ananionic group, e.g., a carboxylate, sulfate or sulfonate, can beesterified, e.g., with an alkyl group (e.g., a methyl group) or a phenylgroup, to yield an ester. When the ester is administered to a subject,the ester is cleaved, enzymatically or non-enzymatically, reductively orhydrolytically, to reveal the anionic group. Such an ester can becyclic, e.g., a cyclic sulfate or sulfone, or two or more anionicmoieties may be esterified through a linking group. An anionic group canbe esterified with moieties (e.g., acyloxymethyl esters) which arecleaved to reveal an intermediate TGR5 modulating compound whichsubsequently decomposes to yield the active TGR5 modulating compound. Inone embodiment, the prodrug is a reduced form of a carboxylate, sulfateor sulfonate, e.g., an alcohol or thiol, which is oxidized in vivo tothe TGR5 modulating compound. Furthermore, an anionic moiety can beesterified to a group which is actively transported in vivo, or which isselectively taken up by target organs.

As used herein, the term “amino acid conjugates” refers to conjugates ofthe compounds of the invention with any suitable amino acid. Taurine(NH(CH₂)₂SO₃H) and glycine (NHCH₂CO₂H) are examples of amino acidconjugates. Suitable amino acid conjugates of the compounds have theadded advantage of enhanced integrity in bile or intestinal fluids.Suitable amino acids are not limited to taurine and glycine. Theinvention encompasses amino acid conjugates of the compounds of theinvention. More specifically, the invention includes amino acidconjugates of compound Ih3e. Even more specifically, the inventionincludes the taurine and glycine conjugates of compound Ih3e.

The term “compounds of the invention” refers to compounds having theformulae described herein.

The term “TGR5 modulator” means any compound that interacts with theTGR5 receptor. The interaction is not limited to a compound acting as anantagonist, agonist, partial agonist, or inverse agonist of the TGR5receptor. In one aspect, the compounds of the present invention act asan antagonist of the TGR5 receptor. In another aspect, the compounds ofthe present invention act as an agonist of the TGR5 receptor. In anotheraspect, the compounds of the present invention act as a partial agonistof the TGR5 receptor. In another aspect, the compounds of the presentinvention as an inverse agonist of the TGR5 receptor. The profile of aligand, traditionally, endogenous or synthetic, is characterized by itsintrinsic efficacy ‘e’ originally described by Furchgott in 1966. It isused to express the degree to which the different ligands producevarying biological responses while occupying the same number ofreceptors. Generally, the term “agonist” means a compound that enhancesthe activity of another molecule or receptor site. An agonist, byclassical definition, whether a orthosteric, allosteric, inverse or aco-agonist has a property to bind to the receptor, alter its receptorstate and result in a biological action. Consequently, agonism isdefined as a property of an agonist or a ligand to produce a biologicalaction. In contrast to this, an “antagonist” is essentially an agonistwith high affinity to the same receptor macromolecule, but with veryless or negligible intrinsic efficacy, and thus sterically prevents thebiological actions of an agonist. As a property, antagonism may befunctional or physiological, where an agonist has a direct competitionfor the receptor site in former and opposing effects via a differentreceptor-messenger system in the later. More specifically, a TGR5agonist is a receptor ligand or compound that binds to TGR5 andincreases the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) byat least 20% in cells expressing the receptor.” Conversely, a TGR5antagonist would be a compound that antagonizes or blocks the activityof an agonist, thereby effecting a reduction in the concentration ofcAMP

The present invention relates to compounds having TGR5 receptormodulating activity and their use to treat and/or prevent variousdiseases including metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, liverdisease, autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, kidney disease, cancer,and gastrolintestinal disease. Further, the present invention relates tocompounds of the formulae described herein.

Compounds and Compositions

In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound of formula A:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R₁ ishydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen; R₂ ishydrogen or α-hydroxy; R₃ is hydrogen, hydroxy, NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, orNH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H; R₄ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, orhalogen; R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or aryl; R₆ ishydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or R₅ and R₆ takentogether with the carbons to which they are attached form a ring of size3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; R₇ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,or hydroxy; R₈ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; R₉ ishydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or taken together R₈ and R₉form a carbonyl; R₁₀ is R₃ or SO₃H; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In one aspect, when R₅ ismethyl, R₁ is hydroxyl, and R₃ is hydroxyl or NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, then R₄ isnot hydrogen.

In one aspect of the invention, R₁ is hydrogen or hydroxy. R₁ ishydroxy. R₁ is hydrogen. R₂ is α-hydroxy. R₁ is hydroxy and R₂ isα-hydroxy. R₁ is hydroxy and R₂ is H. R₁ is hydroxy and R₂ is H. Atleast one of R₁ or R₂ is hydroxy. At least one of R₁ or R₂ is hydrogen.R₁ and R₂ are the same. R₁ and R₂ are each α-hydroxy. R₁ and R₂ are eachhydrogen.

In another aspect of the invention, R₁₀ is R₃. R₃ is hydroxyl,NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, or NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H. R₃ is hydroxyl. R₃ is not hydroxyl.R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H and m is 2. R₃ isNH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H and n is 1.

In another aspect of the invention, R₄ is hydrogen or unsubstitutedalkyl. R₄ is hydrogen. R₄ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₄ is unsubstitutedalkyl. R₄ is methyl or ethyl. R₄ is methyl. R₄ is ethyl. R₃ and R₄ arethe same. R₃ and R₄ are different. R₃ and R₄ are each hydrogen. R₃ ishydroxyl and R₄ is hydrogen. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H and R₄ is hydrogen.R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, R₄ is hydrogen, and m is 2. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂Hand R₄ is hydrogen. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H, R₄ is hydrogen, and n is 1.R₃ is H and R₄ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₃ is OH and R₄ is methyl. R₃ isOH and R₄ is ethyl. R₃ is OH and R₄ is methyl.

In another aspect, R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl. R₅ is inthe S-configuration. R₅ is in the R-configuration. R₅ is methyl orethyl. R₅ is S-methyl. R₅ is R-methyl. R₅ is S-ethyl. R₅ is R-ethyl. R₅is substituted alkyl substituted with phenyl. R₅ is benzyl. R₅ isS-benzyl. R₅ is R-benzyl. R₅ is aryl. R₅ is phenyl. R₄ and R₅ are eachunsubstituted alkyl. R₄ and R₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl, wherein R₅is in the S-configuration and R₄ is in the alpha-configuration. R₄ andR₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl and R₁ is hydroxy. R₄ and R₅ are eachunsubstituted alkyl and R₂ is hydrogen. R₄ and R₅ are each unsubstitutedalkyl, R₁ is hydroxy, and R₂ is hydrogen.

In one aspect of the invention, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are hydrogen. R₂, R₃,and R₄ are hydrogen. R₂ and R₃ are hydrogen. At least one of R₁, R₂, R₃,or R₄ is hydrogen. At least two of R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ are hydrogen. Atleast three of R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ are hydrogen. At least four of R₁, R₂,R₃, or R₄ are hydrogen.

In one aspect of the invention, R₁, R₂, and R₄ are hydrogen and R₃ isOH. R₂ and R₄ are hydrogen and R₃ is OH. R₂ is hydrogen and R₃ is OH. Atleast one of R₁, R₂, or R₄ is hydrogen and R₃ is OH. At least two of R₁,R₂, or R₄ are hydrogen and R₃ is OH. R₁, R₂ and R₄ are hydrogen and R₃is OH.

In another aspect of the invention, at least one of R₁ or R₇ isunsubstituted alkyl. At least one of R₁ or R₇ is methyl. At least one ofR₁ or R₇ is ethyl. At least one of R₁ or R₇ is propyl. R₁ is methyl. R₁is ethyl. R₁ is propyl. R₇ is methyl. R₇ is ethyl. R₇ is propyl. Both R₁and R₇ are unsubstituted alkyl. Both R₁ and R₇ are methyl. Both R₁ andR₇ are ethyl. R₇ is hydrogen. R₇ is hydroxy. R₁ is hydrogen. R₁ ishydroxyl. One of R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl and the other R₁ or R₇is hydrogen. One of R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl and the other R₁ orR₇ is hydroxy. At least one of R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl and R₅ isunsubstituted or substituted alkyl. At least one of R₁ or R₇ is methyland R₅ is methyl. R₇ is hydroxy and both R₁ and R₅ are unsubstitutedalkyl. R₁ is hydroxyl and both R₇ and R₅ are unsubstituted alkyl. Atleast one of R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl and R₅ is unsubstituted orsubstituted alkyl, further wherein R₅ is in the S-configuration. Atleast one of R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl and R₅ is unsubstituted orsubstituted alkyl, further wherein R₅ is in the R-configuration.

In another aspect, R₁ is hydroxy and R₇ is methyl. R₁ is methyl and R₇is hydroxy. R₆ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₆ is methyl. R₆ is ethyl. R₆ ispropyl.

In another aspect, R₈ is hydrogen. R₈ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₈ ismethyl. R₈ is ethyl. R₈ is propyl. R₂ is α-hydroxy and R₈ isunsubstituted alkyl. In another aspect, R₈ and R₉ form a carbonyl.

In one aspect, R₁₀ is R₃. R₃ is hydroxyl. At least one of R₈ or R₉ ishydrogen. R₈ and R₉ are both hydrogen. At least one of R₈ or R₉ isunsubstituted alkyl. At least one of R₈ or R₉ is methyl. At least one ofR₈ or R₉ is ethyl. In another aspect, R₁₀ is SO₃H.

In another aspect of the present invention, when R₂, R₄ and R₆ are eachhydrogen, R₃ is hydroxyl, and one of R₁ and R₇ is hydrogen or hydroxyl,then the other R₁ or R₇ is not methyl. In another aspect, when R₂ isα-OH; R₃ is hydroxyl; R₄ and R₆ are each hydrogen; and one of R₁ and R₇is hydrogen or hydroxyl, then the other R₁ or R₇ is not methyl. Inanother aspect, the present invention does not include the followingcompounds: 3α,7α-dihydroxy-7β-methyl-5β-cholanoic acid,3α,7β-dihydroxy-7α-methyl-5β-cholanoic acid,3α-hydroxy-7ε-methyl-5β-cholanoic acid,3α,7β,12α-trihydroxy-7α-methyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-7β-methyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid; and3α,12α-dihydroxy-7ε-methyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid.

In another aspect of the present invention, when R₃ is hydroxyl and oneof R₁ and R₇ is methyl and the other R₁ and R₇ is hydrogen or hydroxyl,then R₂, R₄ and R₆ are not all hydrogen. In another aspect, when R₂ isα-OH, R₃ is hydroxyl, and one of R₁ and R₇ is methyl and the other R₁and R₇ is hydrogen or hydroxyl, then R₄ and R₆ are not all hydrogen.According to one aspect, the present invention provides a compound offormula I:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R₁ ishydrogen, hydroxy, or halogen; R₂ is hydrogen or α-hydroxy; R₃ ishydroxy, NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, or NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H; R₄ is hydrogen,unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or halogen; R₅ is unsubstituted orsubstituted alkyl, or aryl; R₆ is hydrogen or R₅ and R₆ taken togetherwith the carbons to which they are attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5,or 6 atoms; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and n is an integer 0,1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In one aspect, when R₅ is methyl, R₁ is hydroxyl, andR₃ is hydroxyl or NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, then R₄ is not hydrogen.

In one aspect, the present invention provides compounds where R₁ ishydrogen or hydroxy. R₁ is hydroxy. R₁ is hydrogen. R₁ is α-hydroxy. R₁is β-hydroxy.

In another aspect, the present invention provides compounds where R₁ ishalogen. R₁ is fluorine. R₁ is α-fluorine. R₁ is β-fluorine. Thestereochemistry of R₁ in the α- and β-configurations is shown below:

In another aspect, the present invention provides compounds where R₂ isα-hydroxy. R₂ is hydrogen. R₁ is β-hydroxy and R₂ is α-hydroxy. R₁ isβ-hydroxy and R₂ is H. R₁ is α-hydroxy and R₂ is H.

In another aspect, the present invention provides compounds where atleast one of R₁ or R₂ is hydroxy. In another aspect, at least one of R₁or R₂ is hydrogen. R₁ and R₂ are the same. R₁ and R₂ are each α-hydroxy.R₁ and R₂ are each hydrogen.

In another aspect, the present invention provides compounds where R₃ ishydrogen, hydroxyl, NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, or NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H. R₃ is hydroxyl.R₃ is not hydroxyl. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H. In another aspect, R₃ isNH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H and m is 2. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H. In another aspect, R₃is NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H and n is 1.

In another aspect, R₄ is hydrogen or alkyl. R₄ is hydrogen. R₄ is loweralkyl. R₄ is lower alkyl and the lower alkyl group is in the alphaconfiguration. R₄ in the alpha configuration means that R₄ has thestereochemistry shown in the structure below.

In another aspect, R₄ is halogen. R₄ is fluorine. R₄ is halogen and thehalogen is in the alpha configuration. R₄ is α-fluorine.

In another aspect, R₄ is methyl or ethyl. R₄ is methyl. R₄ is ethyl. R₄is α-methyl. R₄ is α-ethyl. R₃ and R₄ are the same. R₃ and R₄ aredifferent. R₃ and R₄ are each hydrogen. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H and R₄ ishydrogen. R₃ is hydroxyl and R₄ is hydrogen. In another aspect, R₃ isNH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, R₄ is hydrogen and m is 2. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H and R₄is hydrogen. In another aspect, R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H, R₄ is hydrogenand n is 1.

In another aspect, R₃ is OH and R₄ is alkyl. R₃ is OH and R₄ is loweralkyl. Lower alkyl is in the alpha configuration. R₃ is OH and R₄ ismethyl. R₃ is OH and R₄ is ethyl. R₃ is OH and R₄ is α-methyl. R₃ is OHand R₄ is α-ethyl.

In another aspect, R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl. R₅ isunsubstituted or substituted lower alkyl. R₅ is in the S-configuration.R₅ is in the R-configuration. R₅ is methyl or ethyl. R₅ is S-methyl.R-methyl. R₅ is S-ethyl. R-ethyl. R₅ is alkyl substituted with phenyl.R₅ is lower alkyl substituted with phenyl. R₅ is benzyl. R₅ is S-benzyl.R₅ is R-benzyl.

In another aspect, R₅ is aryl. R₅ is phenyl.

In another aspect, R₄ and R₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl. R₄ and R₅ areeach lower unsubstituted alkyl. R₄ and R₅ are each lower unsubstitutedalkyl and R₅ is in the S-configuration. R₄ and R₅ are each lowerunsubstituted alkyl and R₄ is in the alpha configuration. In anotheraspect, R₄ and R₅ are not hydrogen.

In another aspect, R₄ and R₅ are each lower unsubstituted alkyl and R₁is α-hydroxy. R₄ and R₅ are each lower unsubstituted alkyl and R₂ ishydrogen. R₄ and R₅ are each lower unsubstituted alkyl, R₁ is α-hydroxy,and R₂ is hydrogen.

In another aspect, R₅ and R₆ taken together with the carbons to whichthey are attached form a ring size of 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms. R₅ and R₆taken together with the carbons to which they are attached form a3-membered ring. The 3-membered ring has the following stereochemistry:

The 3-membered ring has the following stereochemistry:

In another aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are hydrogen. R₂, R₃, and R₄ arehydrogen. R₂ and R₃ are hydrogen. In another aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₄ arehydrogen and R₃ is OH. R₂ and R₄ are hydrogen and R₃ is OH. R₂ ishydrogen and R₃ is OH.

In another aspect, at least one of R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ is hydrogen. Inanother aspect, at least two of R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ are hydrogen. Inanother aspect, at least three of R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ are hydrogen. Inanother aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are hydrogen. In another aspect, atleast one of R₁, R₂, or R₄ is hydrogen and R₃ is OH. In another aspect,at least two of R₁, R₂, or R₄ are hydrogen and R₃ is OH. In anotheraspect, R₁, R₂, and R₄ are hydrogen and R₃ is OH. In another aspect, thepresent invention does not include when R₅ is methyl, R₄ is hydrogen,and R₂ is H or OH.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compound is selectedfrom Compounds Ia, Ib, Ic, Ig, Ih, Ii, Io, Ip, Iq, Ia1, Ib1, Ic1, Ig1,Ih1, Ii1, Il1, Im1, In1, Io1, Ip1, Iq1, Ia2, Ib2, Ic2, Id2, Ie2, If2,Ig2, Ih2, Ii2, Il2, Im2, In2, Io2, Ip2, Iq2, Ia3, Ib3, Ic3, Id3, Ie3,If3, Ig3, Ih3, Ii3, Il3, Im3, In3, Ia4, Ib4, Ic4, Id4, Ie4, If4, Ig4,Ih4, Ii4, Il4, Im4, In4, Ia5, Ib5, Ic5, Id5, Ie5, If5, Ig5, Ih5, Ii5,Il5, Im5, In5, Ib3e, Ic3e, Id3e, Ie3e, If3e, Ig3e, Ih3e, Ii3e, Il3e,Im3e, In3e, Ia4e, Ib4e, Ic4e, Id4e, Ie4e, If4e, Ig4e, Ih4e, Ii4e, Il4e,Im4e, In4e, Ia5e, Ib5e, Ic5e, Id5e, Ie5e, If5e, Ig5e, Ih5e, Ii5e, Il5e,Im5e, Io5, Ip5, Iq5, and Ir5.

In another aspect of the present invention, the compound is not selectedfrom Compounds Id, Ie, If, Id1, Il, Im, and In. In another aspect, thecompound is not selected from Ie1 and M.

Another aspect of the present invention includes a composition ormedicament comprising a compound of formula I:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and at least onepharmaceutically acceptable excipient wherein R₁ is hydrogen, hydroxy,or halogen; R₂ is hydrogen or α-hydroxy; R₃ is hydroxy, NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H,or NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H; R₄ is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl,or halogen; R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted lower alkyl, or aryl; R₆is hydrogen or R₅ and R₆ taken together with the carbons to which theyare attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; m is an integer 0,1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In anotheraspect, the present invention includes a composition or medicamentcomprising a compound of formula I with proviso that when R₅ is methyl,R₁ is hydroxyl, and R₃ is hydroxy or NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, then R₄ is nothydrogen.

Another aspect of the invention includes compounds of Formula IA:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R₁ ishydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen; R₂ ishydrogen or α-hydroxy; R₃ is hydroxy, hydrogen, NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, orNH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H; R₄ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, orhalogen; R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or aryl; R₆ ishydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or R₅ and R₆ takentogether with the carbons to which they are attached form a ring of size3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; R₇ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,or hydroxy; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer 0,1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. In one aspect, when R₅ is methyl, R₁ is hydroxyl, andR₃ is hydroxy or NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, then R₄ is not hydrogen.

In one aspect, R₁ is hydrogen or hydroxy. R₁ is hydroxy. R₁ is hydrogen.R₁ is hydroxy and R₂ is α-hydroxy. R₁ is hydroxy and R₂ is H. R₁ ishydroxy and R₂ is H. At least one of R₁ or R₂ is hydroxy. At least oneof R₁ or R₂ is hydrogen. R₁ and R₂ are the same. R₁ is hydroxyl and R₂is α-hydroxy. R₁ and R₂ are each hydrogen.

In one aspect, R₃ is hydrogen, hydroxy, NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, orNH(CH₂)₆CO₂H. R₃ is hydroxy. R₃ is not hydroxy. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H.R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H and m is 2. R₃ is NH(CH₂)₆CO₂H. R₃ isNH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H and n is 1.

In another aspect, R₄ is hydrogen or unsubstituted alkyl. R₄ ishydrogen. R₄ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₄ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₄ ismethyl or ethyl. R₄ is methyl. R₄ is ethyl. R₃ and R₄ are the same. R₃and R₄ are different. R₃ and R₄ are each hydrogen. R₃ is OH and R₄ ishydrogen.

In another aspect, R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H and R₄ is hydrogen. R₃ isNH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, R₄ is hydrogen, and m is 2. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H andR₄ is hydrogen. R₃ is NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H, R₄ is hydrogen, and n is 1. R₃ isOH and R₄ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₃ is OH and R₄ is unsubstitutedalkyl. R₃ is OH and R₄ is methyl. R₃ is OH and R₄ is ethyl. R₃ is OH andR₄ is methyl.

In one aspect, R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl. R₅ is in theS-configuration. R₅ is in the R-configuration. R₅ is methyl or ethyl. R₅is S-methyl. R₅ is R-methyl. R₅ is S-ethyl. R₅ is R-ethyl. R₅ issubstituted with phenyl. R₅ is benzyl. R₅ is S-benzyl. R₅ is R-benzyl.In another aspect, R₅ is aryl. For example, R₅ is phenyl.

R₄ and R₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl. R₄ and R₅ are each unsubstitutedalkyl, further wherein R₅ is in the S-configuration. R₄ and R₅ are eachunsubstituted alkyl. R₄ and R₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl and R₁ ishydroxy. R₄ and R₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl and R₂ is hydrogen. R₄and R₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl, R₁ is hydroxy, and R₂ is hydrogen.

In one aspect, R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ are hydrogen. R₂, R₃, and R₄ arehydrogen. R₂ and R₃ are hydrogen. At least one of R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ ishydrogen. At least two of R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ is hydrogen. At least threeof R₁, R₂, R₃, or R₄ is hydrogen. R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ is hydrogen.

In one aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₄ are hydrogen and R₃ is OH. R₂ and R₄ arehydrogen and R₃ is OH. R₂ is hydrogen and R₃ is OH. At least one of R₁,R₂, or R₄ is hydrogen and R₃ is OH. At least two of R₁, R₂, or R₄ ishydrogen and R₃ is OH. All of R₁, R₂, and R₄ are hydrogen and R₃ is OH.

In another aspect, at least one of R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl. Atleast one of R₁ or R₇ is methyl. At least one of R₁ or R₇ is ethyl. Atleast one of R₁ or R₇ is propyl. Both R₁ and R₇ are unsubstituted alkyl.Both R₁ and R₇ are methyl. Both R₁ and R₇ are ethyl. R₁ and R₇ are thesame. R₁ and R₇ are different. R₇ is hydrogen. R₇ is hydroxy. One of R₁or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl and the remaining R₁ or R₇ is hydrogen. Oneof R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl and the remaining R₁ or R₇ ishydroxy. At least one of R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl and R₅ isunsubstituted or substituted alkyl. At least one of R₁ or R₇ is methyland R₅ is methyl.

Both R₁ and R₅ are unsubstituted alkyl and R₇ is hydroxy. Both R₇ and R₅are unsubstituted alkyl and R₁ is hydroxy. R₁ or R₇ is unsubstitutedalkyl and R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl further wherein R₅ isin the S-configuration. R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl and R₅ isunsubstituted or substituted alkyl, further wherein R₅ is in theR-configuration.

In another aspect, R₁ is hydroxy and R₇ is methyl. R₁ is methyl and R₇is hydroxy. R₆ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₆ is methyl. R₆ is ethyl. R₂,and R₆ are each hydrogen. R₂ and R₆ are hydrogen and R₅ is unsubstitutedalkyl. R₂ and R₆ are hydrogen, R₅ is unsubstituted alkyl, and at leastone of R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl.

In one aspect, the compound is selected from Compounds Ia6, Ib6, Ic6,Ig6, Ih6, Ii6, Io6, Ip6, Iq6, Ia7, Ib7, Ic7, Ig7, Ih7, Ii7, Il7, Im7,In7, Io7, Ip7, Iq7, Ia8, Ib8, Ic8, Id8, Ie8, If8, Ig8, Ih8, Ii8, Il8,Im8, In8, Io8, Ip8, Iq8, Ia9, Ib9, Ic9, Id9, Ie9, If9, Ig9, Ih9, Ii9,Il9, Im9, In9, Ia10, Ib10, Ic10, Id10, Ie10, If10, Ig10, Ih10, Ii10,Il10, Im10, In10, Ia11, Ib11, Ic11, Id11, Ie11, If11, Ig11, Ih11, Ii11,Il11, Im11, In11, Ia9e, Ib9e, Ic9e, Id9e, Ie9e, If9e, Ig9e, Ih9e, Ii9e,Il9e, Im9e, In9e, Ia10e, Ib10e, Ic10e, Id10e, Ie10e, If10e, Ig10e,Ih10e, Ii10e, Il10e, Im10e, In10e, Ia11e, Ib11e, Ic11e, Id11e, Ie11e,If11e, Ig11e, Ih11e, Ii11e, Il11e, Im11e, and In11e.

In another aspect of the present invention, when R₂, R₄, and R₆ are eachhydrogen, R₃ is hydroxyl, and one of R₁ and R₇ is hydrogen or hydroxyl,then the other R₁ or R₇ is not methyl. In another aspect, when R₂ isα-OH; R₃ is hydroxyl; R₄ and R₆ are each hydrogen; and one of R₁ and R₇is hydrogen or hydroxyl, then the other R₁ or R₇ is not methyl. Inanother aspect, the present invention does not include the followingcompounds: 3α,7α-dihydroxy-7β-methyl-5β-cholanoic acid,3α,7β-dihydroxy-7α-methyl-5β-cholanoic acid,3α-hydroxy-7ε-methyl-5β-cholanoic acid,3α,7β,12α-trihydroxy-7α-methyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid;3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-7β-methyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid; and3α,12α-dihydroxy-7ε-methyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid.

In another aspect of the present invention, when R₃ is hydroxyl and oneof R₁ and R₇ is methyl and the other R₁ and R₇ is hydrogen or hydroxyl,then R₂, R₄ and R₆ are not all hydrogen. In another aspect, when R₂ isα-OH, R₃ is hydroxyl, and one of R₁ and R₇ is methyl and the other R₁and R₇ is hydrogen or hydroxyl, then R₄ and R₆ are not hydrogen.

Another aspect of the invention includes a composition or medicamentcomprising a compound of formula IA:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and at least onepharmaceutically acceptable excipient wherein: R₁ is hydrogen, hydroxy,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or halogen; R₂ is hydrogen orα-hydroxy; R₃ is hydroxy, NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, or NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H; R₄ ishydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen; R₅ isunsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or aryl; R₆ is hydrogen,unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or R₅ and R₆ taken together with thecarbons to which they are attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6atoms; R₇ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or hydroxy;and m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3,4, or 5.

In one aspect of the invention, when R₅ is methyl, R₁ is hydroxyl, andR₃ is hydroxyl or NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, then R₄ is not hydrogen.

Another aspect of the present invention includes a compound of FormulaII:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R₁ ishydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or halogen; R₂ ishydrogen or α-hydroxy; R₄ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, or halogen; R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or aryl; R₆is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or R₅ and R₆ takentogether with the carbons to which they are attached form a ring of size3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; R₇ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,or hydroxy; and R₈ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. Inone aspect, when R₅ is methyl and R₁ is hydroxyl, then R₄ is nothydrogen.

In one aspect, R₁ is hydrogen or hydroxy. R₁ is hydroxy. R₁ is hydrogen.R₁ is β-hydroxy. R₂ is α-hydroxy. R₁ is hydroxy and R₂ is α-hydroxy. R₁is hydroxy and R₂ is H. At least one of R₁ or R₂ is hydroxy. At leastone of R₁ or R₂ is hydrogen. R₁ and R₂ are the same. R₁ is hydroxyl andR₂ is α-hydroxy. R₁ and R₂ are each hydrogen.

In another aspect, R₄ is hydrogen or unsubstituted alkyl. R₄ ishydrogen. R₄ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₄ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₄ ismethyl or ethyl. R₄ is methyl. R₄ is ethyl.

In one aspect, R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl. R₅ is in theS-configuration. R₅ is in the R-configuration. R₅ is methyl or ethyl. R₅is S-methyl. R₅ is R-methyl. R₅ is S-ethyl. R₅ is R-ethyl. R₅ issubstituted with phenyl. R₅ is benzyl. R₅ is S-benzyl. R₅ is R-benzyl.R₅ is aryl. R₅ is phenyl. R₄ and R₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl. R₄ andR₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl, further wherein R₅ is in theS-configuration. R₄ and R₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl and R₁ ishydroxy. R₄ and R₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl and R₂ is hydrogen. R₄and R₅ are each unsubstituted alkyl, R₁ is hydroxy and R₂ is hydrogen.

In one aspect, R₁, R₂, and R₄ are hydrogen. R₂ and R₄ are hydrogen. R₂is hydrogen. At least one of R₁, R₂, or R₄ is hydrogen. At least two ofR₁, R₂, or R₄ is hydrogen. All of R₁, R₂, or R₄ is hydrogen.

In one aspect, R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₁ or R₇ is methyl. R₁or R₇ is ethyl. R₁ or R₇ is propyl. Both R₁ and R₇ are unsubstitutedalkyl. R₇ is hydrogen. R₇ is hydroxy. One of R₁ or R₇ is unsubstitutedalkyl and the remaining R₁ or R₇ is hydrogen. One of R₁ or R₇ isunsubstituted alkyl and the remaining R₁ or R₇ is hydroxy. At least oneof R₁ or R₇ is unsubstituted alkyl and R₅ is unsubstituted orsubstituted alkyl. At least one of R₁ or R₇ is methyl and R₅ is methyl.R₇ is hydroxy and both R₁ and R₅ are unsubstituted alkyl. R₁ is hydroxyand both R₇ and R₅ are unsubstituted alkyl. At least one of R₁ or R₇ isunsubstituted alkyl and R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl,further wherein R₅ is in the S-configuration. At least one of R₁ or R₇is unsubstituted alkyl and R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl,further wherein R₅ is in the R-configuration. R₇ is hydroxy and both R₁and R₅ are unsubstituted alkyl, further wherein R₅ is in theS-configuration. R₇ is hydroxy and both R₁ and R₅ are unsubstitutedalkyl, further wherein R₅ is in the R-configuration. R₁ is hydroxy andboth R₇ and R₅ are unsubstituted alkyl, further wherein R₅ is in theS-configuration. R₁ is hydroxy and both R₇ and R₅ are unsubstitutedalkyl, further wherein R₅ is in the R-configuration. R₁ is hydroxy andR₇ is methyl. R₁ is methyl and R₇ is hydroxy.

In another aspect, R₆ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₆ is methyl. R₆ is ethyl.R₈ is hydrogen.

R₈ is unsubstituted alkyl. R₈ is methyl. R₈ is ethyl. R₂ is α-hydroxyand R₈ is unsubstituted alkyl.

In another aspect of the invention, the compound is selected fromCompounds Ia12, Ib12, Ic12, Ig12, Ih12, Ii12, Io12, Ip12, Iq12, Ia13,Ib13, Ic13, Ig13, Ih13, Ii13, Il13, Im13, In13, Io13, Ip13, Iq13, Ia14,Ib14, Ic14, Id14, Ie14, If14, Ig14, Ih14, Ii14, Il14, Im14, In14, Io14,Ip14, Iq14, Ia15, Ib15, Ic15, Id15, Ie15, If15, Ig15, Ih15, Ii15, Il15,Im15, In15, Ia16, Ib16, Ic16, Id16, Ie16, If16, Ig16, Ih16, Ii16, Il16,Im16, In16, Ia17, Ib17, Ic17, Id17, Ie17, If17, Ig17, Ih17, Ii17, Il17,Im17, In17, Ia15e, Ib15e, Ic15e, Id15e, Ie15e, If15e, Ig15e, Ih15e,Ii15e, Ii15e, Im15e, In15e, Ia16e, Ib16e, Ic16e, Id16e, Ie16e, If16e,Ig16e, Ih16e, Ii16e, Il16e, Im16e, In16e, Ia17e, Ib17e, Ic17e, Id17e,Ie17e, If17e, Ig17e, Ih17e, Ii17e, Il17e, Im17e, and In17e.

Another aspect of the invention includes a composition or medicamentcomprising a compound of formula II:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and at least onepharmaceutically acceptable excipient wherein: R₁ is hydrogen, hydroxy,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or halogen; R₂ is hydrogen orα-hydroxy; R₄ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, orhalogen; R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or aryl; R₆ ishydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or R₅ and R₆ takentogether with the carbons to which they are attached form a ring of size3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; R₇ is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,or hydroxy; and R₈ is hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl. Inone aspect, when R₅ is methyl, R₁ is hydroxyl, and R₃ is hydroxyl orNHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, then R₄ is not hydrogen.

Another aspect of the invention includes a compound according to formulaIII:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₁ is hydrogen,hydroxy, or halogen; R₂ is hydrogen or α-hydroxy; R₃ is hydroxy,NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, or NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H; R₅ is unsubstituted or substitutedalkyl, or aryl; R₆ is hydrogen or R₅ and R₆ taken together with thecarbons to which they are attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6atoms; R₇ is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or hydroxy; R₈is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl; R₉ is hydrogen,unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or R₈ and R₉ taken together with thecarbon to which they are attached form a carbonyl; R₁₀ is R₃ or SO₃H; mis an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or5.

Another aspect of the invention includes a compound according to formulaIIIA:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₁ is hydrogen,hydroxy, or halogen; R₃ is hydroxy, NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, or NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H;R₅ is unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, or aryl; R₆ is hydrogen or R₅and R₆ taken together with the carbons to which they are attached form aring of size 3, 4, 5, or 6 atoms; R₇ is hydrogen, unsubstituted orsubstituted alkyl or hydroxy; R₈ is hydrogen, unsubstituted orsubstituted alkyl; R₉ is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl orR₈ and R₉ taken together with the carbon to which they are attached forma carbonyl; R₁₀ is R₃ or SO₃H; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; andn is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

One aspect of the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate,hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₁ is hydroxyl. Another aspect ofthe invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, orprodrug thereof, wherein R₈ and R₉ taken together with the carbon towhich they are attached form a carbonyl and R₁₀ is R₃. In one aspect, R₃is selected from hydroxy, NH(CH₂)₂SO₃H, and NHCH₂CO₂H. In one aspect, R₃is hydroxy. In one aspect, R₃ is NH(CH₂)₂SO₃H. In one aspect, R₃ isNHCH₂CO₂H. One aspect of the invention includes a compound or a salt,solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₆ is hydrogen. One aspectof the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, orprodrug thereof, wherein R₅ is unsubstituted alkyl. In one aspect, R₅ ismethyl. One aspect of the invention includes a compound or a salt,solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₅ is in theS-configuration. One aspect of the invention includes a compound or asalt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₅ is in theS-configuration and R₅ is methyl. One aspect of the invention includes acompound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₇ ishydrogen.

One aspect of the invention includes a compound selected from CompoundsIg3e, Ih3e, Ii3e, Ig4e, Ih4e, Ii4e, Ig5e, Ih5e, and Ii5e.

Another aspect of the invention includes a compound according to formulaIIIB:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₃ is hydroxy,NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, or NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H; R₅ is unsubstituted or substitutedalkyl, or aryl; R₈ is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl; R₉is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl or R₈ and R₉ takentogether with the carbon to which they are attached form a carbonyl; R₁₀is R₃ or SO₃H; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. One aspect of the invention includes a compound ora salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₅ isunsubstituted alkyl. In one aspect, R₅ is methyl. One aspect of theinvention includes a compound or salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrugthereof, wherein R₅ is in the S-configuration. One aspect of theinvention includes a compound or salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrugthereof, wherein R₅ is in the S-configuration and R₅ is methyl. Oneaspect of the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate,or prodrug thereof, wherein R₈ and R₉ taken together with the carbon towhich they are attached form a carbonyl. One aspect of the inventionincludes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof,wherein R₁₀ is R₃. In one aspect, R₃ is selected from hydroxy,NH(CH₂)₂SO₃H, and NHCH₂CO₂H. In one aspect, R₃ is hydroxy. In oneaspect, R₃ is NH(CH₂)₂SO₃H. In one aspect, R₃ is NHCH₂CO₂H.

Another aspect of the invention includes a compound according to formulaIIIC:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₃ is hydroxy,NH(CH₂)_(m)SO₃H, or NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H; R₅ is unsubstituted or substitutedalkyl, or aryl; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and n is an integer0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. One aspect of the invention includes a compound ora salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₃ is selectedfrom hydroxy, NH(CH₂)₂SO₃H, and NHCH₂CO₂H. In one aspect, R₃ is hydroxy.In one aspect, R₃ is NH(CH₂)₂SO₃H. In one aspect, R₃ is NHCH₂CO₂H. Oneaspect of the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate,or prodrug thereof, wherein R₅ is unsubstituted alkyl. In one aspect, R₅is methyl. One aspect of the invention includes a compound or salt,solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₅ is in theS-configuration. One aspect of the invention includes a compound orsalt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₅ is in theS-configuration and R₅ is methyl.

Another aspect of the invention includes a compound according to formulaIV:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein: R₁ ishydrogen, hydroxy, or halogen; R₂ is hydrogen or α-hydroxy; R₃ ishydroxy, NH(CH₂)_(n)SO₃H, or NH(CH₂)_(n)CO₂H; R₅ is unsubstituted orsubstituted alkyl, or aryl; R₆ is hydrogen or R₅ and R₆ taken togetherwith the carbons to which they are attached form a ring of size 3, 4, 5,or 6 atoms; m is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; andn is an integer 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate,hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₁ is hydroxy. In another aspect,the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, orprodrug thereof, wherein R₁ is alpha hydroxy. In one aspect, theinvention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrugthereof, wherein R₁ is beta hydroxy. In one aspect, the inventionincludes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof,wherein R₁ is methyl.

In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate,hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₅ is unsubstituted alkyl. In oneaspect, the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate,or prodrug thereof, wherein R₅ is methyl. In one aspect, the inventionincludes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof,wherein R₅ is in the R-configuration. In one aspect, the inventionincludes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof,wherein R₅ is in the S-configuration.

In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or a salt, solvate,hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₆ is hydrogen. In one aspect, theinvention includes a compound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrugthereof, wherein R₂ is hydrogen. In one aspect, the invention includes acompound or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₂ isalpha hydroxy. In one aspect, the invention includes a compound or asalt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, wherein R₃ is hydroxyl.

One aspect of the invention includes a compound selected from CompoundsIh3e, Ic3e, Id3e, Ie3e, If3e, Ig3e, Ih3e, Ii3e, Il3e, Im3e, In3e, Ia4e,Ib4e, Ic4e, Id4e, Ie4e, If4e, Ig4e, Ih4e, Ii4e, Il4e, Im4e, In4e, Ia5e,Ib5e, Ic5e, Id5e, Ie5e, If5e, Ig5e, Ih5e, Ii5e, Il5e, Im5e, In5e, Ia9e,Ib9e, Ic9e, Id9e, Ie9e, If9e, Ig9e, Ih9e, Ii9e, Il9e, Im9e, In9e, Ia10e,Ib10e, Ic10e, Id10e, Ie10e, If10e, Ig10e, Ih10e, Ii10e, Il10e, Im10e,In10e, Ia11e, Ib11e, Ic11e, Id11e, Ie11e, If11e, Ig11e, Ih11e, Ii11e,Il11e, Im11e, In11e, Ia15e, Ib15e, Ic15e, Id15e, Ie15e, If15e, Ig15e,Ih15e, Ii15e, Il15e, Im15e, In15e, Ia16e, Ib16e, Ic16e, Id16e, Ie16e,If16e, Ig16e, Ih16e, Ii16e, Il16e, Im16e, In16e, Ia17e, Ib17e, Ic17e,Id17e, Ie17e, If17e, Ig17e, Ih17e, Ii17e, Il17e, Im17e, and In17e.

The invention includes Compound Ih3e:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. In one aspect, theinvention includes the taurine conjugate of Compound Ih3e:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. In one aspect, includesthe glycine conjugate of Compound Ih3e:

or a salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.

One aspect of the invention includes Compounds Ib3e, Ic3e, Id3e, Ie3e,If3e, Ig3e, Ih3e, Ii3e, Il3e, Im3e, In3e, Ia4e, Ib4e, Ic4e, Id4e, Ie4e,If4e, Ig4e, Ih4e, Ii4e, Il4e, Im4e, In4e, Ia5e, Ib5e, Ic5e, Id5e, Ie5e,If5e, Ig5e, Ih5e, Ii5e, Il5e, Im5e, and In5e.

One aspect of the invention includes Compounds Ia9e, Ib9e, Ic9e, Id9e,Ie9e, If9e, Ig9e, Ih9e, Ii9e, Il9e, Im9e, In9e, Ia10e, Ib10e, Ic10e,Id10e, Ie10e, If10e, Ig10e, Ih10e, Ii10e, Il10e, Im10e, In10e, Ia11e,Ib11e, Ic11e, Id11e, Ie11e, If11e, Ig11e, Ih11e, Ii11e, Il11e, Im11e,and In11e.

One aspect of the invention includes Compounds Ia15e, Ib15e, Ic15e,Id15e, Ie15e, If15e, Ig15e, Ih15e, Ii15e, Il15e, Im15e, In15e, Ia16e,Ib16e, Ic16e, Id16e, Ie16e, If16e, Ig16e, Ih16e, Ii16e, Il16e, Im16e,In16e, Ia17e, Ib17e, Ic17e, Id17e, Ie17e, If17e, Ig17e, Ih17e, Ii17e,Il17e, Im17e, and In17e.

In one aspect, the invention includes a compound of the invention,wherein the compound is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

One aspect of the invention includes a composition comprising a compoundof the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate,hydrate, or prodrug thereof, and at least one pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient.

The present invention also includes radiolabeled compounds of theinvention Radiolabeled compounds can be prepared using conventionaltechniques. For example, radiolabeled compounds of the invention can beprepared by reacting the compound of the invention with tritium gas inthe presence of an appropriate catalyst to produce radiolabeledcompounds having the formulae described herein. In one embodiment, thecompounds of the invention are tritiated.

Use and Methods

The invention includes the use of a compound or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof, in themanufacture of a medicament for a treating or preventing disease in asubject. The invention also includes a method of treating or preventingdisease in a subject by administering a compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or prodrug thereof.

One aspect of the invention includes the use or method, wherein thedisease is selected from metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, liverdisease, autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, kidney disease, cancer,and gastrointestinal disease.

In one aspect, the invention includes a metabolic disease selected fromobesity, diabetes, diabesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance,including pre-diabetic insulin resistance, hypertension, anddyslipidemia. In one aspect, the metabolic disease is obesity. Inanother aspect, the metabolic disease is diabetes. In one aspect,diabetes is selected from pre-diabetes and type II diabetes. In oneaspect, the metabolic disease is metabolic syndrome. In one aspect, themetabolic disease is insulin resistance. In one aspect, the metabolicdisease is dyslipidemia. In one aspect, the metabolic disease isdiabesity. The term “diabesity” refers to a condition wherein thesubject has both diabetes and excessive weight.

In one aspect, the invention includes an inflammatory disease selectedfrom allergy, osteoarthritis (OA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), appendicitis, bronchial asthma, pancreatitis, allergic rash, andpsoriasis.

In one aspect, the invention includes an autoimmune disease selectedfrom rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type I diabetes.

In one aspect, the invention includes a gastrointestinal diseaseselected from inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerativecolitis), short bowel syndrome (post-radiation colitis), microscopiccolitis, irritable bowel syndrome (malabsorption), and bacterialovergrowth.

In one aspect, the invention includes kidney disease selected fromdiabetic nephropathy, chronic renal failure, glomerular nephritis,hypertensive nephrosclerosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronictransplant glomerulopathy, chronic interstitial nephritis, andpolysystic kidney disease.

In one aspect, the invention includes cancer selected from colorectalcancer, liver cancer, heptacellular carcinoma, cholangio carcinoma,renal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, andinsulanoma.

In one aspect, the invention includes liver disease selected fromnonalcoholic steatohepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, chronicviral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, drug induced hepatitis,hemochromatosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosingcholangitis, portal hypertension, bile desaturation, Gaucher's disease,Wilson's disease, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, total parenteral nutrition(TPN), cholelithiasis, TPN-associated cholestasis and sepsis.

In one aspect, the invention includes the autoimmune diseaseerythematosus.

In one aspect, the invention includes cardiac disease selected fromcongestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, anginapectoris, arteriosclerosis and cerebrovascular disease (hemorrhage,stroke, cerebrovascular infarction).

In one aspect, the invention includes a use or method, wherein thecompound of the invention is a TGR5 agonist. In one aspect, theselectivity ratio of TGR5 EC₅₀ to FXR EC₅₀ is less than 0.05.

In one aspect, the invention includes a use or method, wherein thecompound or composition is administered to the subject orally,parentally, intravenously, or topically. In one aspect, the subject ishuman.

One aspect of the invention includes a use or method comprisingadministering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of thecompound of the invention. In one aspect, the invention includes a useor method comprising administering to subject in need thereof. Thepresent invention includes a use or method comprising administering to asubject a prophylatically effective amount of the compound of theinvention.

The compounds and compositions of the present invention can beadministered by various routes, e.g., oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular,intravenous, or intraperitoneal. The referred routes of administeringthe pharmaceutical compositions are oral, subcutaneous, and intravenousat daily doses of about 0.01-5000 mg, preferably 5-500 mg, of the FXRligand for a 70 kg adult human per day. The appropriate dose may beadministered in a single daily dose or as divided doses presented atappropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four, or more subdosesper day.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions containing a compound of theinvention, inert and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are used. Thepharmaceutical carrier can be either solid or liquid. Solid formpreparations include, for example, powders, tablets, dispersiblegranules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories. A solid carrier can beone or more substances that can also act as diluents, flavoring agents,solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, or tabletdisintegrating agents; it can also be an encapsulating material.

In powders, the carrier is generally a finely divided solid that is in amixture with the finely divided active component, e.g., a compound ofthe invention. In tablets, the active ingredient is mixed with thecarrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportionsand compacted in the shape and size desired.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions in the form of suppositories,a low-melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and cocoabutter is first melted and the active ingredient is dispersed thereinby, for example, stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then pouredinto convenient-sized molds and allowed to cool and solidify.

Powders and tablets preferably contain between about 5% to about 70% byweight of the active ingredient of the compound of the invention.Suitable carriers include, for example, magnesium carbonate, magnesiumstearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth,methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, a low-melting wax,cocoa butter, and the like.

The pharmaceutical compositions can include the formulation of theactive compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing acapsule in which the compound of the invention (with or without othercarriers) is surrounded by the carrier, such that the carrier is thus inassociation with the compound. In a similar manner, cachets can also beincluded. Tablets, powders, cachets, and capsules can be used as soliddosage forms suitable for oral administration.

Liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, solutionssuitable for oral or parenteral administration, suspensions, andemulsions suitable for oral administration. Sterile water solutions ofthe active component or sterile solutions of the active component insolvents comprising water, buffered water, saline, PBS, ethanol, orpropylene glycol are examples of liquid compositions suitable forparenteral administration. The compositions may contain pharmaceuticallyacceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiologicalconditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicityadjusting agents, wetting agents, detergents, and the like.

Sterile solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component(e.g., a compound of the invention) in the desired solvent system, andthen passing the resulting solution through a membrane filter tosterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving the sterile compound in apreviously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions. The resultingaqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, thelyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrierprior to administration. The pH of the preparations typically will bebetween 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9, and most preferably from7 and 8.

The pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the inventioncan be administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments. Intherapeutic applications, compositions are administered in an amountsufficient to cure, reverse, or at least partially slow or arrest thesymptoms of the disease and its complications. An amount adequate tocure, reverse, or at least partially slow or arrest the symptom of thedisease and its complications is defined as a “therapeutically effectivedose.” In prophylatic applications, compositions are administered in anamount sufficient to prevent the symptoms of the disease and itscomplications. An amount adequate to prevent the symptom of the diseaseand its complications is defined as a “prophylatically effective dose.”

Amounts effective for therapeutic use will depend on the severity of thedisease or condition and the weight and general state of the patient,but generally range from about 0.1 mg to about 2,000 mg of the compoundper day for a 70 kg patient, with dosages of from about 5 mg to about500 mg of the compound per day for a 70 kg patient being more commonlyused.

In prophylactic applications, pharmaceutical compositions containingcompounds of the invention are administered to a patient susceptible toor otherwise at risk of developing disease, in an amount sufficient todelay or prevent the onset of the disease symptoms. Such an amount isdefined to be a “prophylactically effective dose.” In this use, theprecise amounts of the compound again depend on the patient's state ofhealth and weight, but generally range from about 0.1 mg to about 2,000mg for a 70 kg patient per day, more commonly from about 5 mg to about500 mg for a 70 kg patient per day.

Single or multiple administrations of the compositions can be carriedout with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treatingphysician. In any event, the pharmaceutical formulations should providea quantity of a compound of the invention sufficient to effectivelytreat or prevent disease in the patient.

The invention also provides kits for preventing or treating diseaseaccording to the use and method of the present invention. In one aspect,the invention includes kit for treating or preventing disease in asubject, wherein the kit comprises a compound of the invention or asalt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof. The kits typically include apharmaceutical composition that contains an effective amount of acompound of the invention, as well as informational material containinginstructions of how to dispense the pharmaceutical composition,including description of the type of patients who may be treated, theschedule (e.g., dose and frequency) and route of administration, and thelike.

Some representative compounds of the invention are shown below.

The following compounds below Ia-Ir5 pertain to at least formula I:

Ia: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ib: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H,R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Ic: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me,R₆═H Id: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ie: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H,R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H If: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me,R₆═H Ig: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ih: R₁=α-OH,R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Ii: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄═H,R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Il: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Im:R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H In: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH,R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Io: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me,R₆═H Ip: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Iq: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═OH,R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H

Ia1: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIb1: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIc1: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HId1: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIe1: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIf1: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HIg1: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIh1: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIi1: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HIl1: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIm1: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIn1: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HIo1: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIp1: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIq1: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H

Ia2: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ib2: R₁=α-OH,R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Ic2: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H,R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Id2: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H,R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ie2: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me,R₆═H If2: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Ig2:R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ih2: R₁=α-OH,R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Ii2: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH,R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Il2: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H,R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Im2: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H

In2: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H

Io2: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ip2: R₁═H, R₂═H,R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Iq2: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H,R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Ia3: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ib3:R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Ic3: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH,R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Id3: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me,R₆═H Ie3: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H If3: R₁=β-OH,R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Ig3: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH,R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ih3: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Ii3: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HIl3: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Im3: R₁=β-OH,R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H In3: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH,R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H

Ia4: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIb4: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIe4: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HId4: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIe4: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIf4: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HIg4: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIh4: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIi4: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HIl4: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIm4: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIn4: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H

Ia5: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ib5:R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Ic5: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H,R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Id5: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H,R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ie5: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H If5: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HIg5: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ih5:R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Ii5: R₁=α-OH,R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Il5: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH,R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Im5: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH,R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H In5: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH,R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Ib3e: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH,R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Ic3e: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me,R₆═H Id3e: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ie3e:R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H If3e: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H,R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Ig3e: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et,R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ih3e: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIi3e: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Il3e: R₁=β-OH,R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Im3e: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH,R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H In3e: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et,R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H

Ia4e: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIb4e: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIc4e: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HId4e: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIe4e: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIf4e: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HIg4e: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIh4e: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIi4e: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═HIl4e: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIm4e: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═HIn4e: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H

Ia5e: R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ib5e:R₁=α-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H Ic5e: R₁=α-OH,R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Id5e: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H,R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ie5e: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H,R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H If5e: R₁=β-OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H,R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H Ig5e: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et,R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H Ih5e: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H If5e: R₁=α-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me,R₆═H Il5e: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═HIm5e: R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H In5e:R₁=β-OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H

The following compounds In6-In11e pertain to at least formula IA:

Ia6: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ib6: R₁═OH, R₂═H,R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ic6: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H,R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Id6: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H,R₇═OH Ie6: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH If6: R₁=MeR₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH Ig6: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH,R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ih6: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄═H,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ii6: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H,R₇=Me Il6: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH Im6:R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH In6: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH,R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH Io6: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H,R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ip6: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H,R₇=Me Iq6: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me

Ia7: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIb7: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIc7: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeId7: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIe7: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIf7: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIg7: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIh7: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIi7: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIl7: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIm7: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIn7: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIo7: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIp7: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIq7: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIa8: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIb8: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIc8: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeId8: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIe8: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIf8: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIg8: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIh8: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIi8: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIl8: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIm8: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIn8: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIo8: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIp8: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIq8: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me

Ia9: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ib9: R₁═OH,R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ic9: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH,R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Id9: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me,R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH Ie9: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me,R₆═H, R₇═OH If9: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH Ig9:R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ih9: R₁═OH,R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ii9: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH,R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Il9: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH,R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH Im9: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH In9: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me,R₆═H, R₇═OH

Ia10: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIb10: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIc10: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeId10: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIe10: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIf10: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIg10: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIh10: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIi10: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIl10: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIm10: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIn10: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIa11: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIb11: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIc11: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeId11: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIe11: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIf11: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIg11: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIh11: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIi11: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIl11: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIm11: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIn11: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH

Ia9e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ib9e: R₁═OH,R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ic9e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═OH,R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Id9e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et,R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH Ie9e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me,R₆═H, R₇═OH If9e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIg9e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ih9e:R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Ii9e: R₁═OH,R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me Il9e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH,R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH Im9e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH,R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH In9e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═OH, R₄=α-Et,R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH

Ia10e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIb10e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIc10e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeId10e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIe10e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIf10e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIg10e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIh10e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIi10e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIl10e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIm10e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIn10e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CH₂SO₃H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIa11e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIb11e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIc11e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeId11e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIe11e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIf11e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIg11e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIh11e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIi11e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=MeIl11e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIm11e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OHIn11e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₃═NHCH₂CO₂H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH

The following compounds Ia12-In17e pertain to at least formula II:

Ia12: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ib12: R₁═OH,R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ic12: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄═H,R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Id12: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H,R₇═OH, R₈═H Ie12: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H If12:R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ig12: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH,R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ih12: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ii12: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H,R₇=Me, R₈═H Il12: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═HIm12: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H In12: R₁=Me,R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Io12: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₄═H,R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ip12: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H,R₇=Me, R₈═H Iq12: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ia13:R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ib13: R₁═OH, R₂═H,R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ic13: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me,R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Id13: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═HIe13: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H If13: R₁=Me, R₂═H,R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ig13: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H,R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ih13: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me,R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ii13: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me,R₈═H Il13: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Im13:R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H In13: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH,R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Io13: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me,R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ip13: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═HIq13: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ia14: R₁═OH, R₂═H,R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ib14: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me,R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ic14: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═HId14: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ie14: R₁=Me,R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H If14: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄═H,R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ig14: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me,R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ih14: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me,R₈═H Ii14: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Il14:R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Im14: R₁=Me,R₂=α-OH, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H In14: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄═H,R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Io14: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H,R₇=Me, R₈═H Ip14: R₁═H, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Iq14:R₁═H, R₂═H, R₄═H, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ia15: R₁═OH, R₂═H,R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ib15: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ic15: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H,R₇=Me, R₈═H Id15: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═HIe15: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H If15: R₁=Me,R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ig15: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH,R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ih15: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ii15: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me,R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Il15: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H,R₇═OH, R₈═H Im15: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═HIn15: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ia16: R₁═OH,R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ib16: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ic16: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H,R₇=Me, R₈═H Id16: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═HIe16: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H If16 R₁=Me,R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ig16: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH,R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ih16: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ii16: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me,R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Il16: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H,R₇═OH, R₈═H Im16: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═HIn16: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ia17: R₁═OH,R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ib17: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ic17: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H,R₇=Me, R₈═H Id17: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═HIe17: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H If17: R₁=Me,R₂═H, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ig17: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH,R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ih17: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me,R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ii17: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me,R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Il17: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H,R₇═OH, R₈═H Im17: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═HIn17: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Me, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ia15e: R₁═OH,R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ib15e: R₁═OH, R₂═H,R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ic15e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et,R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Id15e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me,R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ie15e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH,R₈═H If15e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ig15e:R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ih15e: R₁═OH,R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ii15e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH,R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Il15e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et,R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Im15e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me,R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H In15e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH,R₈═H Ia16e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ib16e:R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ic16e: R₁═OH, R₂═H,R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Id16e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et,R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ie16e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me,R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H If16e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH,R₈═H Ig16e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═HIh16e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ii16e:R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Il16e: R₁=Me,R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Im16e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH,R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H In16e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et,R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ia17e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me,R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ib17e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me,R₈═H Ic17e: R₁═OH, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Id17e:R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ie17e: R₁=Me, R₂═H,R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H If17e: R₁=Me, R₂═H, R₄=α-Et,R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Ig17e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me,R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Ih17e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me,R₈═H Ii17e: R₁═OH, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇=Me, R₈═H Il17e:R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S,R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H Im17e: R₁=Me,R₂=α-OH, R₄=α-Et, R₅═(S)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H In17e: R₁=Me, R₂=α-OH,R₄=α-Et, R₅═(R)Me, R₆═H, R₇═OH, R₈═H

All publications and patent documents cited herein are incorporatedherein by reference as if each such publication or document wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein byreference. Citation of publications and patent documents is not intendedas an admission that any is pertinent prior art, nor does it constituteany admission as to the contents or date of the same. The inventionhaving now been described by way of written description, those of skillin the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced in avariety of embodiments and that the foregoing description and examplesbelow are for purposes of illustration and not limitation of the claimsthat follow.

Example 1 Synthesis of TGR5 Modulators

The compounds of the invention, and related derivatives, can besynthesized by methods known to one skilled in the art. Detailed methodsfor synthesizing these compounds are described below. See, also, WO02/072598, WO 2004/0007521, EP 1568706 and EP 135782. In the case of thecompound where R₁ is hydrogen, R₂ and R₃ are hydroxy and R₄ is a loweralkyl group, the compound of formula (I) can be obtained in accordancewith the following scheme:

Methyl chenodeoxycholanoate (1) was protected in 3- and 7-position bytreatment with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran in dioxane in presence of catalyticamount of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) to give the corresponding3α,7α-tetrahydropyranyloxy analog (2). Reaction of 2 with methyl iodide(or with an appropriate alkyl halide), at −78° C. using lithiumdiisopropylamide as a base and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent,followed by treatment with methanolic HCl afforded the correspondingmethyl 23-methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate (3). Hydrolysis withalkali of the methyl ester 3 and purification by flash chromatographyyielded the desired 23(S)-methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid(Ib) and 23(R)-methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ic).

Preparation of 23(R)- and 23(S)-methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oicacid (Ib, Ic) a) Methyl 3α,7α-ditetrahydropyranyloxy-5β-cholan-24-oate(2)

p-Toluenesulfonic acid (78 mg, 0.41 mmol), 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrane (20.1ml, 0.098 mol) were added to a solution of methyl3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate (1) (2.0 g, 4.9 mmol) in dioxane (6mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 min.H₂O (50 mL) was then added and the mixture was partially concentratedunder vacuum and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organicfractions were washed with brine (1×50 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) andevaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by chromatography onsilica gel column. Elution with light petroleum/ethyl acetate 80/20afforded 2.5 g of the pure compound 2 (90% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.64 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.89 (s, 3H, CH₃-19), 0.92 (d,3H, CH₃-21), 3.31-3.67 (m, 4H, —CH₂OCH—), 3.65 (s, 3H, CO₂CH₃), 3.67 (m,1H, CH-3), 3.88 (brs, 1H, CH-7), 4.67 (brs, 1H, —O—CH—O—), 4.73 (brs,1H, —O—CH—O—).

b) Methyl 23(R,S)-methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate (3)

n-Butyl lithium (4.3 mL, 2.2 M solution in hexane) were added dropwiseat −78° C. to a solution of diisopropylamine (1.4 mL, 10.1 mmol) in dryTHF (50 mL). The system was kept to −78° C. for additional 30 min andthen, methyl 3α,7α,12α-tetrahydropyranyloxy-5β-cholan-24-oate (2) (1.8g, 3.2 mmol) dissolved in dry THF (14 mL) was added dropwise to themixture. After 20 min methyl iodide (1.4 mL, 22.0 mmol) dissolved in dryTHF (7 mL) was slowly added and the mixture was allowed to warm to roomtemperature overnight. The solvents were removed under vacuum andacidified by 10% HCl and extracted with EtOAc (5×50 mL), washed with 5%Na₂S₂O₃ solution (2×50 mL), dried (over anhydrous Na₂SO₄), filtered, andevaporated under vacuum. The crude residue was then treated with asolution of 2N HCl in MeOH (50 mL) for 12 h. The residue was evaporatedunder vacuum and taken up with EtOAc (100 mL), washed with a saturatedNaHCO₃ solution (2×50 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated under vacuum.The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography. Elutionwith light petroleum/ethyl acetate 70/30 afforded 1.1 g (2.7 mmol) ofthe pure compound 3 (84% yield).

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.62 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.87 (s, 3H, CH₃-19), 0.92 (d,3H, CH₃-21), 2.38 (m, 1H, CH-23), 3.27-3.40 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.55 (brs,1H, CH-7), 3.63 (s, 3H, CO₂CH₃).

c) 23(R)-Methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ib) and23(S)-Methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ic)

Methyl 23-methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate 0.97 g (2.3 mmol) wasdissolved in MeOH (25 mL) and added with 10% NaOH in MeOH (5.7 mL,14.2.mmol). The mixture was refluxed for 16 h. The mixture was acidifiedwith 3N HCl and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organicfractions were washed with brine (1×50 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄) andevaporated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel flashchromatography. Elution with CHCl₃:MeOH (95/5) afforded 1.5 g (65%) of23(S)-Methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid and 330 mg of23(R)-Methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid.

23(S)-Methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ib): mp: 125-126° C.¹H-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ: 0.44 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.69 (s, 3H, CH₃-19),0.73-0.76 (d, 3H CH₃-21), 0.93-0.97 (d, 3H, —CH₃), 2.36 (m, 1H, CH-23),3.15-3.38 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.62 (brs, 1H, CH-7). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ:11.55, 18.43, 18.87, 20.49, 22.69, 28.15, 28.57, 30.14, 32.65, 34.43,34.61, 34.94, 35.23, 37.06, 39.17, 39.60, 40.81, 41.40, 42.57, 46.54,50.29, 56.63, 68.24, 71.62, 179.99.

23(R)-Methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ic): mp: 163-164° C.¹H-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ: 0.43 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.65 (s, 3H, CH₃-19),0.65-0.69 (d, 3H CH₃-21), 0.83-0.86 (d, 3H, —CH₃), 2.20 (m, 1H, CH-23),3.09-3.15 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.58 (brs, 1H, CH-7). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ:11.94, 16.40, 18.30, 20.93, 23.06, 23.89, 28.85, 30.52, 33.08, 34.16,34.91, 35.38, 35.68, 37.14, 39.49, 39.64, 40.04, 40.17, 41.92, 43.05,50.69, 57.10, 68.51, 72.01, 181,09.

Example 2 Preparation of 23(S)- and23(R)-methyl-6α-methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-50-cholan-24-oic acid (Ib3, Ic3)

The following compounds were prepared by alkylation of6α-methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid according to theprocedure of Example 1.

23(S)-Methyl-6α-methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ib3): mp:98-100° C. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.63 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.89 (s, 3H, CH₃-19),0.92-1.00 (m, 6H, CH₃-21 and CH₃-6), 1.15-1.19 (d, 3H, —CH₃), 2.45-2.73(m, 1H, CH-23), 3.31-3.52 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.58 (brs, 1H, CH-7). ¹³C-NMR(CDCl_(a)) δ: 11.76, 15.72, 18.58, 18.88, 20.63, 23.11, 23.65, 28.19,30.21, 30.47, 32.64, 33.79, 33.97, 34.61, 35.42, 35.66, 37.03, 39.60,40.01, 40.71, 42.71, 47.35, 50.44, 56.60, 72.34, 72.87, 182.37.

23(R)-Methyl-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ic3): mp: 89-90° C.¹H-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ: 0.65 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.88 (s, 3H, CH₃-19),0.88-0.92 (m, 3H, CH₃-6), 0.95-0.99 (d, 3H, CH₃-21), 1.08-1.14 (d,3H—CH₃), 2.35 (m, 1H, CH-23), 3.29-3.48 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.57 (brs, 1H,CH-7). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ: 11.70, 15.66, 16.02, 18.00, 20.61,23.09, 23.60, 28.51, 30.39, 32.61, 33.72, 33.92, 35.38, 35.65, 36.33,39.57, 39.94, 42.77, 47.30, 50.39, 56.53, 72.22, 72.83, 180.50.

Example 3 Preparation of 23(R)- and23(S)-methyl-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ih, Ii)

The following compounds were prepared by alkylation of3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid according to the procedure ofExample 1.

23(S)-Methyl-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ih): mp:237-239° C. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.63 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.87 (s, 3H,CH₃-19), 0.96-0.98 (m, 3H, CH₃-21), 1.07-1.11 (d, 3H, —CH₃), 2.44-2.73(m, 1H, CH-23), 3.35-3.50 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.82 (brs, 1H, CH-7) 3.95 (brs,1H, CH-12). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO) δ: 12.72, 17.60, 19.24, 19.24, 23.00, 23.19,26.59, 27.78, 28.88, 30.72, 34.77, 35.22, 35.66, 37.19, 41.84, 46.19,47.27, 49.01, 66.69, 70.88, 71.45, 178.25.

23(R)-Methyl-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ii): mp:221-223° C. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.63 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.87 (s, 3H,CH₃-19), 0.96-0.98 (m, 3H, CH₃-21), 1.07-1.11 (d, 3H, —CH₃), 2.44-2.73(m, 1H, CH-23), 3.35-3.50 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.82 (brs, 1H, CH-7) 3.95 (brs,1H, CH-12). ¹³C-NMR (DMSO) δ: 12.76, 16.88, 17.31, 23.04, 23.24, 26.62,28.12, 28.94, 30.81, 33.97, 34.80, 35.28, 35.71, 37.20, 41.85, 46.29,47.44, 66.67, 70.86, 71.45, 178.77.

Example 4 Preparation of 23(R)- and23(S)-methyl-6α-methyl-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ih3,Ii3)

The following compounds were prepared by alkylation of6α-methyl-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid according to theprocedure of Example 1.

23(S)-Methyl-6α-methyl-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ih3):mp: 131-134° C. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ: 0.65 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.87 (s,3H, CH₃-19), 0.97-1.00 (m, 3H, CH₃-21), 1.14-1.18 (d, 3H, —CH₃), 1.23(m, 1H, CH-6), 2.52 (m, 1H, CH-23), 3.32-3.50 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.55 (brs,1H, CH-7) 3.94 (brs, 1H, CH-12). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ: 12.43, 145.66,17.62, 18.92, 22.70, 23.14, 26.21, 27.45, 28.01, 30.03, 33.44, 34.11,34.42, 35.30, 36.71, 39.97, 40.45, 41.73, 46.45, 47.25, 72.13, 72.76,73.01, 180.53.

23(R)-Methyl-6α-methyl-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ii3):mp: 109-110° C. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD) δ: 0.72 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.91 (s, 3H,CH₃-19), 1.07-1.11 (m, 6H, —CH₃ and CH₃-21), 2.37-2.53 (m, 1H, CH-23),3.15-3.42 (m, 1H, CH-3), 3.53 (brs, 1H, CH-7) 3.97 (brs, 1H, CH-12).¹³C-NMR (CD₃OD) δ: 11.61, 15.04, 15.32, 16.15, 22.04, 22.75, 26.27,27.62, 28.18, 29.61, 32.91, 33.74, 34.31, 35.06, 35.18, 36.56, 39.70,40.25, 41.68, 46.19, 46.31, 71.76, 71.77, 72.62, 180.11.

Example 5 Preparation of 23(R)- and23(S)-methyl-3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ip, Iq)

The following compounds were prepared by alkylation of3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid according to the procedure of Example1.

23(S)-Methyl-3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ip): mp: 161-162° C.¹H-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ: 0.60 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.88 (s, 3H, CH₃-19),0.92-1.01 (m, 3H, CH₃-21), 1.13-1.16 (d, 3H, —CH₃), 2.55 (m, 1H, CH-23),3.60 (m, 1H, CH-3). ¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ: 11.97, 18.52, 18.87, 20.73,23.30, 24.14, 26.34, 27.10, 28.15, 30.18, 34.48, 34.50, 35.23, 35.74,36.06, 37.01, 40.13, 40.34, 40.74, 41.99, 42.68, 56.43, 56.75, 71.70,181.42.

23(R)-Methyl-3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Iq): mp: 152-153° C.¹H-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ: 0.63 (s, 3H, CH₃-18), 0.89 (s, 3H, CH₃-19),0.94-1.03 (m, 3H, CH₃-21), 2.45 (m, 1H, CH-23), 3.59 (m, 1H, CH-3).¹³C-NMR (CD₃OD) δ: 11.98, 15.97, 18.00, 20.75, 23.31, 24.14, 26.34,27.11, 28.48, 30.26, 33.68, 34.50, 35.26, 35.77, 36.15, 36.46, 39.59,40.13, 40.36, 42.01, 42.79, 56.45, 56.76, 71.71, 181.02.

Example 6 Preparation of23(S)-methyl-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ih3e)

Synthesis of23(S)-methyl-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oate (2)

To a solution of 1 (2.78 g, 6.37 mmol) in MeOH (120 ml), pTSA (0.12 g,0.63 mmol) was added, and the mixture was treated with ultrasound for90′. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure, and theresulting residue was diluted with AcOEt (120 ml), washed with H₂O(3×100 ml), brine (100 ml), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, andconcentrated under reduced pressure to give 2 (quantitative yield) thatwas used for the next step without further purification.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 0.63 (3H, s, 18-CH₃), 0.84-0.88 (6H, s, 19-CH₃+CH₃CH₂),0.97 (3H, d, J=6.62 Hz, 21-CH₃), 3.30 (1H, m. 3-CH), 3.48 (3H, s,COOCH₃), 3.62 (1H, m, 7-CH), 3.97 (1H, m, 12-CH).

Methyl 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-24-oate (3)

To a solution of 2 (2.50 g, 5.55 mmol) in CHCl₃ (60 ml) anddimethoxymethane (34.10 ml, 166.66 mmol), P₂O₅ (14.18 g, 99.90 mmol) wasadded portion-wise, and the resulting suspension was mechanicallystirred for 45′. The mixture was then decanted, and the organic layerwas treated with NaHCO₃ 10% (50 ml) for 10′. The organic layer was thenseparated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CHCl₃ (3×50 ml). Thecollected organic layers were washed with brine (100 ml), dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give 3(3.14 g, 97%), that was used for the next step without furtherpurification.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.67 (3H, s, 18-CH₃), 0.88-1.04 (9H, m,19-CH₃+CH₃CH₂+21-CH₃), 3.30 (1H, m. 3-CH), 3.30-3.40 (7H, m,3-CH+2×CH₃OCH₂O), 3.45 (3H, s, CH₃OCH₂O), 3.50 (1H, m, 7-CH), 3.66 (3H,s, COOCH₃), 3.79 (1H, m, 12-CH), 4.57-4.75 (6H, m, 3×CH₃OCH₂O).

23(S)-methyl-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-6α-ethyl-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ih3e)

To a solution of diisopropylamine (0.56 ml, 4.026 mmol) in freshlydistilled THF (15 ml) cooled at −78° C. and under N₂ atmosphere, ¹¹BuLi2.5N in hexane (1.53 ml, 3.840 mmol) was added dropwise. The reactionwas stirred at −78° C. for 30′ and then a solution of 3 (350 mg, 0.60 1mmol) dissolved in freshly distilled THF (7 ml) was added dropwise. Theresulting solution was stirred at −78° for 90′. Iodomethane (0.56 ml,9.015 mmol) was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for60′, and then slowly warmed to room temperature overnight. The mixturewas then concentrated under reduced pressure, and the resulting residuewas diluted with H₂O (30 ml) and extracted with AcOEt (3×30 ml). Thecollected organic layers were washed with brine (30 ml), dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residuewas then treated with a solution of MeOH/HCl 37% (20 ml, 20:1 vol/vol)at 45° for 8 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, andthe resulting residue was diluted with H₂O (30 ml) and extracted withAcOEt (3×30 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (100ml), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrate under reducedpressure. The resulting residue was treated with a solution of NaOH 10%in MeOH (15 ml) at 45° C. for 24 h. The mixture was then concentratedunder reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was diluted with H₂O(20 ml), washed with ^(i)Pr₂O (3×1 5 ml), acidify with HCl 3N, andfinally extracted with CHCl₃ (3×20 ml). The organic layers were washedwith brine (100 ml), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. Theresulting residue was purified by medium pressure chromatography(column: “RP-1 8 Lobar B”, MeOH/H₂O from 5:5 to 6:4, 50 psi) to give 4(47 mg, 4 1%). Mp: 195-197° C.

¹H-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ: 0.63 (3H, s, 18-CH₃), 0.84-0.88 (6H, m,19-CH₃+CH₃CH₂), 0.98 (3H, d, J=6.60 Hz, 21-CH₃), 1.10 (3H, d, J=6.80 Hz,CH(CH₃)COOH), 2.61 (m, 1H, CH(CH₃)COOH), 3.35 (1H, m. 3-CH), 3.65 (1H,m, 7-CH), 3.92 (1H, m, 12-CH).

¹³C-NMR (CDCl₃+CD₃OD) δ: 11.51, 12.34, 17.52, 19.19, 22.09, 22.67,23.11, 26.65, 27.40, 28.05, 29.83, 33.31, 34.56, 35.06, 35.40, 38.67,39.90, 41.11, 41.39, 41.69, 45.10, 46.39, 47.32, 70.65, 71.79, 72.90,182.07.

Example 7 Synthesis of Compounds Io5, Ip5, Iq5, and Ir5

3α,7α-Dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5β-cholan-24-oic Acids (Io5, Ip5, Iq5,and Ir5).

Ethyl diazoacetate (0.478 g, 1.19 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was slowlyadded dropwise to a stirred suspension of3α,7α-diacetoxy-5-norcholan-22,23-ene (1) (0.6 g, 1.39 mmol) in thepresence of dirhodium (II) tetraacetate (9 mg, 0.02 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂(15 mL) under nitrogen at room temperature. The reaction mixture wasfiltered and washed with H₂O (20 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), and evaporatedunder vacuum, thus affording a mixture of the four diastereoisomericesters 2. The esters 2 were successively dissolved in EtOH (15 mL) andtreated with a solution of 10 N NaOH (10 mL) at reflux for 4 h, cooled,poured onto cold H₂O (50 mL), acidified with 2 N HCl, and extracted withEtOAc (3×15 mL). The organic phase was washed with brine (10 mL), dried(Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under vacuum. The residue waschromatographated on silica gel. Elution with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 96/4 with AcOH0.1% afforded 0.087 g (15% yield) of(22S,23S)-3α,7α-dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Io5)and 0.065 g (11.5% yield) of(22R,23R)-3α,7α-dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Iq5).Elution with CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95.5/4.5 with 0.1% AcOH afforded 0.18 g (32%yield) of (22S,23R)-3α,7α-dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5β-cholan-24-oicacid (Ip5) and 0.15 g (26.7% yield) of(22R,23S)-3α,7α-dihydroxy-22,23-methylene-5β-cholan-24-oic acid (Ir5) aswhite solids.

Io5. Mp: 148-150° C. [α]²⁰ _(D)+5.16 (c 1, EtOH). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD andCDCl₃) δ: 0.67 (s, 3H, 18-CH₃), 090 (s, 3H, 19-CH₃), 0.96 (d, J=6.68 Hz,3H, 21-CH₃), 3.40-3.50 (m, 1H, 3-CH), 3.85 (m, 1H, 7-CH). ¹³C NMR(CDCl₃) δ: 12.20, 16.80, 17.08, 20.80, 21.00, 23.15, 24.10, 28.30,30.80, 31.30, 33.30, 34.80, 34.90, 35.40, 35.70, 39.80, 39.90, 41.80,43.40, 50.55, 58.20, 68.90, 72.30, 177.00.

Iq5. MP: >230° C. [α]²⁰ _(D)−38.19 (c 1.1, CH₃C1/MeOH 1:1). ¹H NMR(CD₃OD and CDCl₃) δ: 0.50 (s, 3H, 18-CH₃), 0.86 (s, 3H, 19-CH₃), 0.96(d, J=6.40 Hz, 3H, 21-CH₃), 3.40-3.60 (m, 1H, 3-CH), 3.80 (m, 1H, 7-CH).¹³C NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 12.00, 12.50, 20.90, 21.00, 21.10, 23.00, 23.80,27.10, 30.50, 31.00, 32.10, 33.10, 34.80, 35.30, 35.60, 39.50, 39.70,39.85, 41.80, 43.00, 50.40, 58.50, 68.60, 72.00, 176.90.

Ip5. Mp: 221-225° C. [α]²⁰ _(D)−40.22 (c1, EtOH). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD andCDCl₃) δ: 0.56 (s, 3H, 18-CH₃), 0.86 (s, 3H, 19-CH₃), 1.16 (d, J=6.60Hz, 3H, 21-CH₃), 3.10-3.30 (m, 1H, 3-CH), 3.85 (m, 1H, 7-CH). ¹³C NMR(CDCl₃) δ: 12.10, 18.30, 18.55, 20.00, 20.90, 23.10, 24.00, 28.20,30.70, 31.70, 33.20, 34.80, 35.40, 35.70, 39.80, 40.10, 41.80, 43.15,50.40, 57.80, 68.90, 72.20, 178.40.

Ir5. Mp: 136-140° C. [α]²⁰ _(D)+13.66 (c 1, EtOH). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD andCDCl₃) δ: 0.56 (s, 3H, 18-CH₃), 0.86 (s, 3H, 19-CH₃), 0.96 (d, J=6.66Hz, 3H, 21-CH₃), 3.40-3.60 (m, 1H, 3-CH), 3.80 (m, 1H, 7-CH). ¹³C NMR(CDCl₃) δ: 12.00, 13.50, 19.90, 20.90, 22.50, 23.10, 24.00, 28.00,30.70, 31.60, 33.20, 34.90, 35.40, 35.65, 39.70, 39.73, 41.80, 43.10,50.40, 58.00, 68.80, 72.20, 177.60.

Example 8 In Vitro TGR5 and FXR Activity

The potency and efficacy of the compounds of the invention on TGR5receptor was evaluated using in vitro assays.

Table 1 shows that compounds of the invention are potent and selectiveTGR5 modulators. The introduction of an alkyl group at the C-23 positionof bile acid gives selectivity for the TGR5 receptor with respect toFXR. This is evident by the observation of the biological resultsobtained for CDCA, 6-MeCDCA and 6,23-diMe-CDCA (23-R,S isomers mixture)on FXR and TGR5 as shown in Table 1. 6,23-diMe-CDCA is 100-fold morepotent on TGR5 with respect to the FXR receptor For a description ofTGR5 receptor binding using an in vitro assay, See, e.g., Kawamata, J.Biol. Chem. 2003, Vol. 278 No. 11, p. 9435-9440). Activity on FXR wasassayed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for recruitmentof the SRC-1 peptide to human FXR using a cell-free ELiSA. See,Blanchard et al. WO 00/37077.

TABLE 1 EC₅₀ (μM) of Example Compounds on FXR and TGR5 Receptor CompoundStructure FXR Data TGR5 Data CDCA (ChenoDeoxyCholicAcid)

EC₅₀: 8.6 μM Efficacy: 100% EC₅₀: 4.0 μM Efficacy: 100% 6α-MeCDCA

EC₅₀: 0.21 μM Efficacy: 148% EC₅₀: 0.37 μM Efficacy: 119% 23(R +S)—Me—6MeCDCA (13a)

EC₅₀: 15.62 μM Efficacy: 60% EC₅₀: 0.11 μM Efficacy: 123%Tables 2 and 3 show additional compounds evaluated for TGR5 activity.Luciferase activity was determined in CHO cells stably expressing hTGR5or transiently cotransfected with a hTGR5 expression vector and acAMP-responsive element (CRE)-driven luciferase reporter gene. Some ofthe compounds were further submitted to a luciferase reporter assay toscore for their capacity to activate the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR.

TABLE 2 TGR5 TGR5 Name R₁ R₂ R₃ EC₅₀ Efficacy 22S,23S- CCDCA* (Io5) α-OH—H

1.33 110 22S,23R- CCDCA* (Ip5) α-OH —H

2.91 102 22R,23R- CCDCA* (Iq5) α-OH —H

75.7 5 22R,23S- CCDCA* (Ir5) α-OH —H

>100 4 *Data represent average values of at least three independentexperiments of CRE-driven luciferase reporter assays in TGR5-transfectedCHO cells. Units are μM for EC₅₀ and % of 10 μM LCA value for efficacy.

TABLE 3 TGR5 and FXR Activities^(a) EC50 ratio FXR FXR TGR5 TGR5 (TGR5/Name EC₅₀ μM Efficacy EC₅₀ μM Efficacy FXR)

22.8  0.76 0.8  75.6 0.035

>100  0^(b) 3.58 110 0.036

10.5 49 25.5  100 2.4 

11.6 23  0.140 105 0.012

 3.97 64.4 0.51 165 0.128

4.39 105

>51.9  75^(b) ^(a)Data represents average values of at least threeindependent experiments. Value for efficacy are expressed as % ofactivity vs. 10 μM LCA (TGR5) or 10 μM 6ECDCA (FXR). ^(b)Plateauactivation level not reached; the maximum concentration tested was 125μM for Ib and 100 mM for Ii.The data in Tables 2 and 3 can be determined using methods known in theart, for example, as described below.

Plasmids

The NIH Mammalian Gene Collection clone MGC:40597 (also namedpCMVSPORT6/hTGR5 or pTGR5) and pcDNA3.1(+) were obtained from Invitrogen(Carlsbad, Calif.). pCRE-Luc and pCMVβ were obtained from Clontech (PaloAlto, Calif.). pCMX-hFXR and pCMX-mRXRα were kind gifts from Dr. DavidJ. Mangelsdorf (Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of TexasSouthwestern Medical Center). pEcREx7-Luc was a kind gift from Dr.Richard A. Heyman (X-ceptor Therapeutics, CA).

Cell Culture

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, NCI-H716 cells, Hep3B cells and COS1cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas,Va.). Cell culture medium, serum and supplements were from Invitrogen orSigma-Aldrich. All CHO cells were maintained in minimum essential mediumα (α-MEM) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (PBS) and 100μM nonessential amino acids (NEAA). NCI-H716 cells were maintained insuspension in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 10 mM HEPES and1 mM sodium pyruvate. Hep3B cells were maintained in Eagle's mediumsupplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS and 100 μM NEAA. COS1 cells weremaintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplementedwith 10% (v/v) BBS. All cell culture medium was supplemented with 100units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin sulfate. Cells were grownat 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, passed every 2-6 days and freshlyplated for each experiment.

Transient Transfections

CHO cells were plated in 96-well plates at a density of 3.5×104cells/well, cultured for 24 h, and then transfected with 150 ng of human(h) TGR5 expression plasmid (pCMVSPORT6/hTGR5) and 100 ng ofcAMP-responsive element (CRE)-driven luciferase reporter plasmid(pCRE-Luc) in each well using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen)according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 6 h incubation,cells were washed once with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and mediumwas exchanged for DMEM containing 0.1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA).After incubation for another 18 h, cells were treated for 5 h withdifferent concentrations of each compound in fresh DMEM containing 0.1%(w/v) BSA. After treatment, the cells were lysed with 50 μl of lysisbuffer (25 mM Tris-Cl (pH7.6), 2 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 10%(v/v) glycerol and 1% (v/v) triton X-100) by a freeze-thaw cycle andsubjected to luciferase assays as described below.

COS1 cells were plated in 96-well plates at a density of 2.5×104cells/well in DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) charcoal-stripped FBS,cultured for 24 h, and then transfected with 25 ng of hFXR expressionplasmid (pCMX-hFXR), 25 ng of mouse (m) retinoid X receptor α (RXRα)expression plasmid (pCMX-mRXRα), 50 ng of reporter plasmid (pEcREx7-Luc)and 50 ng of pCMVβ as internal control in each well, using theLipofectamine 2000 reagent. After 24 h, cells were washed twice with PBSand treated with different concentrations of each compound in fresh DMEMsupplemented with 10% (v/v) charcoal-stripped FBS for 24 h. Aftertreatment, the cells were lysed with 50 μl of lysis buffer by afreeze-thaw cycle and subjected to both luciferase and β-galactosidaseassays as described below. Normalized luciferase values were determinedby dividing the luciferase activity by the β-galactosidase activity.

Luciferase and β-Galactosidase Assays

For luciferase assays, 20 μl of cell lysate was mixed with 100 μl ofluciferase reaction buffer [235 μM luciferine, 265 μM ATP and 135 μMcoenzyme A (CoA)] and luminescence was determined with CentroXS3 LB960(Berthold Technologies, Bad Wildbad, Germany). For β-galactosidaseassays, 10 μl of cell lysate was mixed with 100 μl of Buffer Z [60 mMNa2HPO4, 10 mM KC1, 1 mM MgSO4, 50 mM β-mercaptoethanol and 0.75 mg/mlo-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG)] and incubated at 37° C. for0.5-3 h. Reactions were stopped by adding 50 μl of Stop buffer (1MNa2CO3) and the optical density at 420 nm was determined.

Establishing CHO Cells Stably Expressing Human TGR5 (CHO-TGR5 Cells)

CHO cells were transfected with 3.8 μg of hTGR5 expression plasmid(pCMVSPORT6/hTGR5), 3.8 μg of CRE-driven luciferase reporter plasmid(pCRE-Luc) and 0.4 μg of neomycin-resistant gene expression plasmid[pcDNA3.1(+)] using Lipofectamine 2000. The transfectants were selectedwith 400 μg/ml G418 sulfate and single clones were grown in 96-wellplate, independently. TGR5-expressing CHO cell lines were screened byLCA treatments, followed by luciferase assays.

cAMP Production Analysis

NCI-H716 cells were plated in 96-well plates coated with 0.75 mg/mlMatrigel (BD Biosciences) according to manufacturer's instructions justprior to use, at a density of 6×104 cells/well in DMEM supplemented with10% (v/v) FBS, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycinsulfate, and cultured for 24 h, which allowed cell adhesion to thebottom of the plate. CHO-TGR5 cells were plated in 96-well plates at adensity of 3.5×104 cells/well in α-MEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS,100 μM NEAA, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100m of streptomycin sulfate,and cultured for 24 h. The cells were washed twice with PBS and mediumwas exchanged for cAMP assay medium [DMEM containing 0.1% (w/v) BSA and0.5 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)]. After incubation for 30minutes at 37° C., the cells were treated with each compound in freshcAMP assay medium for 30 minutes. After treatment, medium was discardedand cAMP amounts were determined using cAMP-Screen kit (AppliedBiosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer'sinstructions.

50% Effective Concentrations (EC50) and Efficacy Determination

Assays were performed in triplicate or quadruplicate for each condition.EC50 values were determined by probit analysis. Efficacy was determinedby calculating percentages of 10 μM LCA value for TGR5 agonist study and10 μM 6α-Et-CDCA value for FXR agonist study, respectively. Aftersubtracting the average value of the basal (vehicle-treated) condition,values were applied to EC50 and/or efficacy determinations. Calculationof average EC50 and comparison of the EC50 between different compoundswere performed after logarithm transformation.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed by Student's t-test and p<0.05 wasconsidered statistically significant.

TABLE 3A FRET-cAMP on TGR5 Alphascreen FRET (cAMP) Transactivationoverexpressing Assay NCI-H716 Assay Hek293 cells Compound hFXR hTGR5hTGR5 hTGR5 (Reference (CDCA = 10-20 μM) (LCA = 4-8 μM) (LCA = 1-6 μM)(LCA = 0.35 μM) Standard) EC₅₀ (μM) EC₅₀ (μM) EC₅₀ (μM) EC₅₀ (μM) 1h3e175 0.9 1.7 0.001The data in Table 3A were generated by using methods described below.FRET Assay (Detection of Intracellular cAMP Levels).

The receptor binding assay was performed by measuring the level ofcyclic AMP (cAMP) using FRET assay. Human intestinal cell lines(NCI-H716) were plated in 96-well plates coated with 0.75 mg/ml Matrigel(BD Biosciences) according to manufacturer's instructions just prior touse, at a density of 12×10³ cells/well in DMEM supplemented with 10%(v/v) FBS, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin sulfate,and cultured for 24 h, which allowed cell adhesion to the bottom of theplate. The cells were washed twice with PBS and medium was exchanged forcAMP assay medium [OPTIMEM containing 0.1% (w/v) BSA and 1 mM3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)]. After incubation for 60 minutes at37° C., the cells were treated with increasing concentrations ofcompound Ih3 in stimulation buffer (5 mM HEPES, o,1% BSA in HBSS pH 7.4)containing the europium chelate—Streptavidin and the ALEXA Fluor647-conjugated antibody anti-cAMP (PerkinElmer) for 1 hour at roomtemperature. The level of intracellular cAMP was determined with Lancekit (PerkinElmer). Litocholic acid was used as control ligand. Z′ factorwas used to validate assays. Non linear regression curves, withoutconstraints, were performed by using four parameter equation andGraphPad Prism Software (GraphPad Inc.), to obtain the EC50 values.

Alphascreen Assay

Activity on FXR was assayed by using Alphascreen technology in arecruitment coactivator assay. AlphaScreen is a bead-based chemistryassay used to study biomolecular interactions. Binding of moleculescaptured on the beads leads to an energy transfer from one bead to theother, ultimately producing a luminescent signal. When the partnersinteract, chemical energy is transferred from Donor to Acceptor beadsand a signal is produced. Upon bile acids stimulation the GST-FXR-LBDinteracts with the Src-1 peptide. Anti-GST-coated Acceptor beads wereused to capture the GST-fusion FXR-LBD whereas the biotinylated-SRC-1peptide was captured by the streptavidin Donor beads. Upon illuminationat 680 nm chemical energy is transferred from Donor to Acceptor beadsacross the complexstreptavidin-Donor/Src-1-Biotin/GSTFXR-LBD/Anti-GST-Acceptor and asignal is produced. The assay was performed in white, low-volume,384-well Optiplates (PerkinElmer) using a final volume of 25 μlcontaining final concentrations of 10 nM of purified GST-tagged FXR-LBDprotein, 30 nM biotinylated Src-1 peptide, 20 μg/ml anti-GST acceptorbeads acceptor beads and 10 μg/ml of streptavidin donor bead(PerkinElmer). The assay buffer contained 50 mM Tris (pH 7.4), 50 mMKCl, 0.1% BSA, and 1 mM DTT. The stimulation times with 1 μl of ligands(solubilized in 100% DMSO) were fixed to 30′ a room temperature. Theconcentration of DMSO in each well was maintained at a finalconcentration of 4%. After the addition of the detection mix (acceptorand donor beads) the plates were incubated in the dark for 4 h at roomtemperature and then were read in an Envision microplate analyzer(PerkinElmer). Dose response curves were performed in triplicate and Z′factor was used to validate the assays. Non linear regression curves,without constraints, were performed by using four parameter equation andGraphPad Prism Software (GraphPad Inc.), to obtain the EC50 values.

Cell Culture, Transfection and Luciferase Assay

HEPG2 and HEK293T cells were cultured in E-MEM and DMEM respectively,either supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin, 1% L-glutamine and10% fetal bovine serum. (high glucose) (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).Cells were grown at 37° C. in 5% CO₂. All the transfections were madeusing 5:2 Fugene HD Trasfection reagent (μl) to DNA (μg) respectively(Roche). Twenty-four hours before transfection HEK293T or HepG2 cellswere seeded onto a 96-well plate at a density of 10.000 or 15.000cells/well, respectively. Transient transfections were performed using100 ng of reporter vector pGL4.29[luc2P/CRE/Hygro] (Promega), 40 ng ofpGL4.74 (Renilla), as internal control for transfection efficiency, and10 ng of expression plasmid pCMV-SPORT6-hTGR5The NIH Mammalian GeneCollection clone MGC:40597 (Invitrogen). The pGEM vector was added tonormalize the amounts of DNA transfected in each assay (2 μg).Twenty-four hours post-transfection the cells were stimulated withincreasing concentrations of compound Ih3e for 18 h. Control culturesreceived vehicle (0.1% DMSO) alone. The cells were then lysed by adding75 μl of Dual-Glo Luciferase Reagent (Promega) to 75 μl of mediumcontaining cells/well. Renilla luciferase activity was measured byadding a volume of Dual-Glo Stop & Glo reagent and original culturemedium. Luciferase activities were expressed as ratio between luciferaseunit and renilla luciferase unit. Each data point is the average oftriplicate assays. Each experiment was repeated at least three times.

TABLE 3A Direct comparison of 6-ethyl vs. 6-methyl substituted 23-methylcholic acid Reference Standard Cmpd LCA (4.5 ± 2.4 μM) TGR5 I exp TGR5II exp FXR I exp FXR II exp No. CA (69 ± 24 μM) (EC50 = μM) (EC50 = μM)(EC50 = μM) (EC50 = μM) Ih3e

0.8 1.1 53 23 Ih3

1.7 3 10 7.8 *The results show in Table 3A were generated using theprocedures described directly above.

Compound having an alpha-ethyl group at the C-6 position on the bileacid ring are preferred. More specifically, compounds having an alphaethyl group at the C-6 position of the 23-methyl cholic acid are themost preferred. As shown in Table 3A above, compounds having analpha-ethyl group at the C-6 position are surprisingly and unexpectedlymore potent than the corresponding C-6 alpha-methyl derivative.

Example 9 Metabolic Activities of Oleanolic Acid and 6-Ethyl,23-Methyl-cholic Acid (Ih3e) in a Diet-Induced Obesity Mouse Model

The goal of the study is to define whether TGR5 agonists (oleanolic acid(OA) or 6 ethyl, 23-methyl cholic acid (Ih3e) correct the development ofobesity and associated insulin-resistance in vivo. To test thispossibility, OA/Ih3e were administered via food administration for 16weeks to male C57BL6J mice that had been previously subjected for 10weeks to a high fat diet.

II—Protocol

In a previous study, OA was observed as a selective TGR5 agonist thatdid not cause food aversion. Animals treated with a dose of 100mg/kg/day of OA showed, however, some signs of toxicity, whereas a lowerdose was well tolerated. Therefore, OA was administered at the dose of50 mg/kg/d in this study.

In vitro studies have identified Ih3e as a potent and selective TGR5ligand. No problems with toxicity were expected with Ih3e, which wasadministered at ˜50-fold lower concentration.

For this study, 48 male C57BL6J mice (5 weeks of age) were divided intwo groups: one group of 24 (group 1, 2&3) animals received chow dietwhereas the other 24 received a high fat diet for a period of 10 weeks(group 4, 5 & 6). The animals were then analyzed during a period of 16weeks. Five groups of 10 animals were assigned as follows:

1: chow diet2: chow diet+OA 50 mg/kg/day3: chow diet+6Et23MeCA (Ih3e) 30 mg/kg/day4: high fat diet5: high fat diet+OA 50 mg/kg/day6: high fat diet+6Et23MeCA (Ih3e) 30 mg/kg/dayDuring the entire study, body weight and food intake was monitored twiceweekly.

Week-2: Body composition was analyzed, for all groups, by dual energyX-ray absorptiometry (dexascan).

Week-1: Serum levels of transaminases, glucose, triglycerides,cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and insulin were measured in all groups aftera fasting period of 12 h and mice were then placed on the diets asindicated (Day 0).

Week 2: Serum levels of transaminases, glucose, triglycerides,cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and insulin was measured in all groups after afasting period of 12 h (Day 14).

Week 4: Glucose tolerance was determined by subjecting all the animalsto an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). Animals werefasted for 12 h prior to this test. Nocturnal energy expenditure ofgroups 1, 4, 5 and 6 (chow diet, high fat diet and high fat dietOA/6Et23MeCDCA (Ih3e) was measured by indirect calorimetry.

Week 8: Body weight composition was again analyzed by dexascan for allgroups. Serum levels of transaminases, glucose, triglycerides,cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and insulin were measured in all groups aftera fasting period of 12 h (Day 56).

Week 9: Circadian activity of groups 4, 5 and 6 (high fat diet fed mice)was studied during a period of 30 h.

Week 10: Measurement of blood pressure and heart rate was performed ongroups 4, 5 and 6.

Week 11: Rectal temperature of all animals was measured at roomtemperature at 10:00 am.

Circadian activity measurement was performed on groups 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Week 12: Glucose tolerance was analyzed by performing an intraperitonealglucose tolerance test (IPGTT) on groups 4, 5 and 6. During the IPGTT,blood was also collected to analyze insulin levels. Animals were fasted12 h prior to these tests.

Feces were collected in all groups over a 24 h time period and fecallipids content was measured.

Week 16: Cold test was performed on all animals by measuring bodytemperature of animals exposed to 4° c.

Three days later, animals were sacrificed. At sacrifice, blood wascollected and analyzed for: plasma lipids (TC, TG, HDL-C, FFAs); liverfunctions (ALAT, ASAT, alkaline Pase, γ-GT); glucose and insulin;lipoprotein profiles of selected groups of plasma (size-exclusionchomatography).

Liver, small intestine, adipose tissues (WAT and BAT), pancreas, heartand muscle were collected, weighed and kept for further analysesincluding: standard histology (HE staining, succinate dehydrogenasestaining, oil-red-0 staining and cell morphology); tissue lipid content;electron microscopy on BAT and muscle to analyze mitochondria; RNAisolation for expression studies of selected genes involved inmetabolism and energy homeostasis by quantitative RT-PCR; Proteinextraction for the study of post-translational modifications such asacetylation of proteins of interest (e.g. PGC-1α).

III—Detailed Procedures A—Animal Procedure and Diets

Animals Housing and Handling

Mice were group housed (5 animals/cage) in specific pathogen-freeconditions with a 12 h:12 h (on at 7:00) light-dark cycle, in atemperature (20-22° c.) and humidity controlled vivarium, according tothe European Community specifications. Animals were allowed free accessto water and food.

Drinking Water

Chemical composition of the tap water was regularly analyzed to verifythe absence of potential toxic substances at the Institut d'Hydrologie,ULP, Strasbourg. Drinking water was treated with HCl and HClO₄ tomaintain pH between 5 and 5.5 and chlorin concentration between 5 and 6ppm.

Diet

The standard rodent chow diet was obtained from UAR and the high fatdiet was obtained from Research Diet. Mice were fed, either with chowdiet (16% protein, 3% fat, 5% fiber, 5% ash) or with high fat diet (20%protein, 20% carbohydrate, 60% fat). Oleanolic acid and 6Et23MeCDCA(Ih3e) were mixed with either powdered chow diet or either powdered highfat diet in the following proportions: 0.5 g of OA/kg of food for the 50mg/kg/day treatment and 0.08 g of 6Et23MeCA (Ih3e)/kg of food for the 10mg/kg/day treatment. Pellets were then reconstituted. Control groupsreceived food pellets as provided by the company. Due to the consistencyof the high fat diet, no water was added in the mix with OA. In the caseof the chow diet, which is harder to reconstitute, a minimal amount ofwater was added to the powder to reconstitute pellets, which were thenair-dried. New batches of food were prepared weekly.

Blood Collection

Blood was collected either from the retro-orbital sinus under anesthesiaor from the tail vein.

Anesthesia

For the dexa scanning experiment, animals were anesthesized with amixture of ketamine (200 mg/kg)/Xylasine (10 mg/kg) administered byintra-peritoneal injection.For the venipuncture, animals were anesthesized by inhalation of anisoflurane-O₂ mixture.

B-Biochemistry

The tests were performed with an Olympus AU-400 automated laboratorywork station using commercial reagents (Olympus).

Analysis of Lipids and Lipoproteins

Serum triglycerides, total and HDL cholesterol were determined byenzymatic assays. Serum HDL cholesterol content was determined afterprecipitation of apo B-containing lipoproteins with phosphotungsticacid/Mg (e.g., Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Free fatty acidslevel was determined with a kit from Wako (e.g., Neuss, Germany) asspecified by the provider.

Metabolic and Endocrine Exploration

Blood glucose concentration was measured by a Precision Q.I.D analyzer(e.g., Medisense system), using Medisense Precis electrodes (e.g., AbbotLaboratories, Medisense products, Bedford, USA). This method wasvalidated, by comparing Precision Q.I.D analyzer values with classicalglucose measurements. The Precision Q.I.D method was chosen since itrequires a minimal amount of blood and can hence be employed formultiple measurements such as during an IPGTT. Plasma insulin (e.g.,Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden) was determined by ELISA according to themanufacturer's specifications.

C-Metabolic Testing Lipoprotein Profiles

Lipoprotein profiles were obtained by fast protein liquidchromatography, allowing separation of the three major lipoproteinclasses VLDL, LDL, and HDL.

Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test(IPGTT)—Oral Glucose ToleranceTest

IPGTT was performed in mice which were fasted overnight (12 h). Micewere either injected intraperitoneally (IPGTT) with a solution of 20%glucose in sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) at a dose of 2 g glucose/kg bodyweight. Blood was collected from the tail vein, for glucose and insulinmonitoring, prior and 15, 30, 45, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180 min afteradministration of the glucose solution. The incremental area of theglucose curve was calculated as a measure of insulin sensitivity,whereas the corresponding insulin levels indicate insulin secretoryreserves.

Energy Expenditure

Energy expenditure was evaluated through indirect calorimetry bymeasuring oxygen consumption with the Oxymax apparatus (e.g., ColumbusInstruments, Columbus, Ohio) during 12 h. This system consists of anopen circuit with air coming in and out of plastic cages (one mouse percage). Animals were allowed free access to food and water. A veryprecise CO₂ and O₂ sensor measured the difference in O₂ and CO₂concentrations in both air volumes, which gave the amount of oxygenconsumed in a period of time given that the air flow of air coming inthe cage was constant. The data coming out of the apparatus wasprocessed in a connected computer, analyzed, and shown in an exportableExcel file. The values were expressed as ml·kg⁻¹·h¹, which is commonlyknown as the VO₂.

Determination of Body Fat Content by Dexa Scanning

The Dexa analyses were performed by the ultra high resolution PIXIMUSSeries Densitometer (0.18×0.18 mm pixels, GE Medical Systems, Madison,Wis., USA). Bone mineral density (BMD in g/cm²) and body compositionwere determined by using the PIXIMUS software (version 1.4×, GE MedicalSystems).

D-Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement and Pulse

The Visitech BP-2000 Blood Pressure Analysis System is acomputer-automated tail'cuff system that is used for taking multiplemeasurements on 4 awake mice simultaneously without operatorintervention. The mice were contained in individual dark chambers on aheated platform with their tails threaded through a tail cuff. Thesystem measures blood pressure by determining the cuff pressure at whichthe blood flow to the tail was eliminated. A photoelectric sensordetects the specimen's pulse. The system generates results that havebeen shown to correspond closely with mean intra-arterial pressuremeasured simultaneously in the carotid artery. This allows reproduciblevalues of systolic blood pressure and heart beat rate to be obtained.This required training of the animals for one week in the system.

E—Circadian Activity

Spontaneous locomotor activity was measured using individual boxes, eachcomposed with a sliding floor, a detachable cage, and equipped withinfra-red captors allowing measurement of ambulatory locomotor activityand rears. Boxes were linked to a computer using an electronic interface(e.g., Imetronic, Pessac, France). Mice were tested for 32 hours inorder to measure habituation to the apparatus as well as nocturnal anddiurnal activities. The quantity of water consumed was measured duringthe test period using an automated lickometer.

The results of the study are shown in FIGS. 1-9. FIG. 1 shows the impactof compound Ih3e on body weight gain in chow and high fat fed mice. Bodyweight gain was measured over 16 weeks. High fat fed mice treated withcompound Ih3e showed less weight gain than high fat fed mice treatedwith vehicle. FIG. 2 shows that compound Ih3e improves the metabolicprofile of high fat fed mice. The results of blood plasma and heart rateanalysis in diet-induced obese mice treated with compound Ih3e is shownin FIG. 2, including levels of blood glucose, liver enzymes (LDH, ASAT,and ALAT) and plasmid lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-chol, LDL-chol, andtriglycerides). High fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e showedlower blood glucose, liver enzymes, and plasma lipids than high fat fedmice treated with vehicle. The heart rate of high fed mice treated withcompound Ih3e also showed a lower heart rate in comparison with high fatfed mice treated with vehicle. FIG. 3 shows that compound Ih3e improvesglucose tolerance in high fat fed mice. After 10 weeks, plasma insulinlevels were increased in both the chow fed and high fat fed mice treatedwith compound Ih3e in comparison to mice treated with vehicle as shownin FIG. 3A. After 12 weeks, glucose levels were shown to be lower inhigh fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3e as shown in FIG. 3B. FIG. 4shows oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results as glucose levels overa period of 200 min in chow diet fed mice treated with compound Ih3e.FIG. 5 (graphs A-D) shows insulin release in vivo after a test meal.FIG. 5A shows insulin release over 30 min. FIG. 5B shows fold increasein insulin release compared to basal insulin level. Insulin levelspeaked to higher levels at ˜12 minutes in high fat fed mice treatedcompound Ih3e in comparison with mice treated with vehicle. FIGS. 5C and5D show the fold increase in insulin release compared to basal insulinlevels. The fold increase in high fat fed mice treated with compoundIh3e was greater at both 15 and 30 min time points as shown in FIG. 5D.FIGS. 6 (graphs A-D) and 7 (graphs A-C) show that compound Ih3e treatedmice have an increase in respiratory exchange ratio (RER) upon HFD (highfat diet) which can be explained as linked to their improved insulinsensitivity which maintains their ability to oxidize glucose. FIG. 8(graphs A and B) show locomotor activity and food/water intake oftreated high fat fed and treated chow fed mice in comparison to vehicletreated. Food/water intake for mice fed a high fat diet and treated withcompound Ih3e showed a slight increase in intake verses mice treatedwith vehicle. FIG. 9 (graphs A-C) shows changes in organ weight. FIGS.9B and 9C show the percentage of change in body weight, liver, kidney,heart, peri WAT, epi WAT, Sc WAT, and BAT compared to weight in mice feda chow diet. In all organs, high fat fed mice treated with compound Ih3eshowed a reduced percentage change.

Example 10 Physico-Chemical Properties Water Solubility

Solid BA (in protonated form for compound Ih3e) were suspended in 5 mlof 0.1 M HCl. The saturated solutions, after incubation for 1 week, werefiltered on a Millipore filter (0.22 μpm) and the concentration of BAwas measured by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS using C18 column (150 mm×2 mm i.d., 4 μm)and mobile phases of water containing 15 mM acetic acid pH 5 andacetonitrile. The flow rate was 150 μl/min. The mass spectrometryacquisition was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring mode usingthe ESI source in negative ionization. Water solubility was expressed asμmol/liter.

The water solubility of compound Ih3e is 99 μM a value higher thancorresponding dihydroxy BA and comparable with that of CA (see Table 4).

TABLE 4 CMC^((b)) 0.15M Albumin Ws^((a)) Na+ ST_(CMC) ^((c))Binding^((e)) Bile Acid (μM) (mM) Dyne/cm LogP_(A)-^((d)) (%) CDCA 323.2  45.5 2.2 93  UDCA   7.5 6.0  50.5 2.2 94  CA 273* 11*   — 1.1* 50*TCDCA hs 3.0* — 0.9* 70* TUDCA hs 2.2* — 1.1* 67* 6MUDCA  28* 4.2* 1.3*80* Ih3e 99 1.4  50.1 1.4 62  ^((a))Ws: water solubility refers to BA asprotonated species and therefore not evaluated for TCDCA, and TUDCAwhich are highly soluble (hs). ^((b))CMC: Critical MicellarConcentration determined in 0.15M NaCl water solution. ^((c))ST_(CMC):Surface Tension at CMC in 0.15M NaCl water solution. ^((d))LogP_(A):1-octanol-water partition coefficient of the studied bile acids asionized species. *values from literature.

The presence of a 23-methyl group in the compound Ih3e does notcompromise the water solubility. Compound Ih3e exhibits a solubilityvalue in the range of natural occurring BA and previous studiedsynthetic analogues. Further, given the relatively good albumin bindingof compound Ih3e, circulation of compound Ih3e in the blood may befacilitated, thereby favoring the systemic targeting of TGR5 inperipheral tissues such as muscle and brown adipose tissue. Examples 9,16 and 17 further support this hypothesis.

Critical Micellar Concentration (CMC)

The detergency i.e. the tendency to form micelles was evaluated for allthe charged molecules which are soluble in water as Sodium salt (2 unitup the pKa). The critical micellar concentration (CMC) was determined bysurface tension (ST) measurements using a maximum bubble-pressure methodwhich give surface tension values slightly affected by potentialimpurities like static methods are. The tensiometer was a Sensadyne 6000(Chem-Dyne Research Corp., Milwaukee, Wis.) equipped with two glassprobes of 0.5 and 4.0 mm diameters connected to a source of nitrogen.The bubble frequency was 1 bubble/second in distilled water at 26° C.(P=2.7 atm) and the calibration was made with double-distilled water andmethanol. The surface tension of BA sodium salts solutions in NaCl 0.15M was measured at various concentrations inside the 0.13-50 mM range.The surface tension values were plotted against the logarithm of thebile salt concentration; the regression lines corresponding to the twoparts of the curve (monomeric and micellar phases) were calculated usingthe method of least squares, and the intersection of the lines was takenas the CMC value. From the ST vs concentration curves the value of thesurface tension at the CMC (equilibrium between monomers and multimersspecies) was also calculated giving information about the detergencypower which is related to the size of the micelles with associatesurface tension lowering capacity.

The CMC was evaluated by surface tension measurements in non equilibriumconditions i.e. in conditions that impurities slightly affect thesurface tension results (FIG. 10). Compound Ih3e presents a low CMC buta moderate detergency and surface tension lowering capacity as shown bythe surface tension values at the CMC (low detergency means low toxicityto membrane or cells).

Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient

Since the sulphate and sulphonated analogues are always ionised at allpH values the octanol/water partition coefficient was measured for allmolecules in ionized form and therefore the carboxy analogues werestudied at high pH. 1-Octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) wasevaluated using a conventional shake-flask procedure. The experimentswere carried out on 0.1 mM bile salt solution buffered at pH 8 with 0.1M phosphate buffer to ensure complete ionization of the BA; the log Pvalues refer to the BA in the ionized form, not to the protonatedspecies, and the initial concentration of each BA was below its own CMCvalue. The aqueous buffer was previously pre-saturated with 1-octanol, 5ml of 1-octanol pre-saturated with water was then added and the sampleswere left to equilibrate for 2 weeks under continuous stirring at roomtemperature After centrifugation the two phases were carefullyseparated. BA concentration in the water phase was measured withHPLC-ESI-MS/MS using C18 column (150 mm×2 mm i.d., 4 μm) and, as mobilephases, water containing 15 mM acetic acid pH 5 and acetonitrile. Theflow rate was 150 pal/min and the column was maintained at 45° C. Themass spectrometry acquisition was performed in the multiple reactionmonitoring mode using the ESI source in negative ionization.

The carboxylated compound Ih3e with three hydroxyl groups in 3α,7α and12α position presents a slightly higher lipophilicity in respect to thenatural analogue CA, 1.4 vs 1.1 as a result of the presence of an ethylin 6 position and a methyl in 23 position.

Albumin Binding

The extent of albumin binding was evaluated by equilibrium dialysis at afixed BA-albumin ratio. BA was dissolved at a concentration of 100 μM in5% bovine serum albumin-saline solution (pH 7.2) and left to stand for24 h at 25° C. Two millilitres of this solution was dialyzed incellulose sacs having a molecular weight cut-off of 12-14,000 against 25ml of saline solution. The system was equilibrated by mechanical gentlyshaking for 72 h at 25° C. BA concentrations of the dialyzed solution(corresponding to the free unbound fraction) and of the startingsolution were determined with HPLC-ESI-MS/MS in the same conditions ofthe previous analysis.

The percent of albumin binding was calculate from the initial BAconcentration and from the unbound concentration in the dialyzedfraction. Data are reported in Table 4.

The percent albumin binding of compound Ih3e is slightly higher than CAand this derives from the presence of the 23 methyl and 6 ethyl groups.

Example 11 In Vitro Metabolic Stability in Human Stools CultureStability to Intestinal Bacteria. Example 11a 7α-dehydroxylation

Homogenized fresh human stools (500 mg) were transferred into sterilevials to which 5 mL of sterilized chopped meat-glucose medium (ScottLab., Fiskville, R.I.) was added. BA was then added at a finalconcentration of 0.05 mM. Vials were incubated at 37° C.; then, at 0, 1,2, 4, 8 and 24 h after the addition of the BA, the reaction was stoppedwith 150 μl, of 30% KOH. The samples were centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10min; from the supernatant the BA were isolated by C-18 solid-phaseextraction and analyzed by TLC and HPLC-ES-MS/MS.

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), utilizing silica gel 0.25 mm thicknessplates (Merck, Darmstat, Germany), was employed as the first screeningtest. The solvent system used for the separation of conjugated BA wascomposed of propionic acid/isoamyl acetate/water/N-propanol (3:4:1:2,v/v/v/v; solvent I), and that of the unconjugated BA was aceticacid/carbon tetrachloride/isopropyl ether/isoamylacetate/water/N-propanol/benzene (1:4:6:8:2:2, v/v/v/v/v/v; solvent II).Separated BA were revealed with 5% phosphomolybdic acid ethanolsolution.

Compound Ih3e was very stable when incubated in human stool cultures andeven after 24 hour, more than 85% of the compound was recoveredunmodified. On the contrary the reference natural analogue CDCApresented a half-life time of almost one hour and after 8 hours ofincubation was almost completely metabolized (7-dehydroxylated) to formlithocholic acid.

After long time incubation for Ih3e, the 7-dehydroxylation and theintermediate formation of a 7-oxo derivative were practically abolished.

Example 11b

It is known that intestinal bacteria hydrolyze the C24 amide bond oftaurine and glycine conjugated BAs and remove the 7α-hydroxyl group ofCA, leading to the formation of toxic lipophilic secondary BAs such asdeoxycholic acid (DCA) (Ridlon, J. M., et al., J. Lipid Res. 2006, 47,241-259). To determine the sensitivity of compound Ih3e to intestinalflora-mediated 7-dehydroxylation, its metabolic stability was assessedin human stool broth culture as described in Roda, A., et al., J. LipidRes. 1994, 35, 2268-2279. Compound Ih3e appears not to be sensitive tothis process and was shown to be highly stable with more than 95% of thecompound unmodified after 12 h of incubation. By comparison, more than50% of CA (cholic acid) was metabolized after 1 h and up to 90% within 8h (FIG. 15). It is likely that the extended stability of compound Ih3eis related to the alkylation of the C6 position which provides sterichindrance to the bacterial 7α-dehydroxylation process.

Side Chain Stability

According to these results the side chain of compound Ih3e was notmodified by intestinal bacteria enzymatic activities.

These data suggest that the presence of the ethyl group in the C-6position protects the 7-hydroxyl group toward oxidation or removal bysteric hindrance. In addition compound Ih3e is very stable also for sidechain metabolism. No minor metabolites have been found by HPLC-ES-MS/MS.These data suggest that in the lower intestinal content in presence ofanaerobic bacteria these analogues are stable.

Example 12 Biliary Secretion and Metabolism of Compound Ih3e inBile-Fistula Rat after Duodenal (id) and Femoral (iv) AdministrationExample 12A Aim and Rationale

Structural modifications of bile acids could affect their hepaticuptake, hepatic transports and secretion and intestinal absorption.Therefore the knowledge of the biliary secretion after both iv and idadministration together their metabolism is a key point in compoundselection for additional studies.

To evaluate the mode and efficiency of the intestinal absorption ofcompound Ih3e, the compound was administered both intravenously (femoralinfusion) and orally (duodenal infusion) at the same dose and itsbiliary secretion rate was evaluated in bile fistula rat model.

The differences in the area under the curve of the biliary secretion vstime between iv and id administration account for its intestinalabsorption and give information about its biovailability. Moreover, thehepatic and intestinal metabolism could be also quite different andtherefore, the biliary secretion of compound Ih3e and its main hepaticmetabolites was determined.

Choleretic Effect

Duodenal Infusion

The bile fistula rat model was developed at the University of BolognaLab facilities. Compound Ih3e was administered at a dose of 1μmol/kg/min (1 hour infusion) to a rat group via duodenal infusion (id).Rats had a bile fistula to collect bile samples at different timesbefore, during, and after the infusion. For duodenal infusion experiment6 rats (250±10 g) were treated. Bile samples were collected every 15minutes for four hours. In addition, 3 control rats were treated withsaline solution under the same conditions for times and sampling(duodenal control rats).

The duodenal infusion of compound Ih3e significantly increased the bileflow rate which reached the maximum value of about 120 μL/min/kg. Thisphenomenon started during the infusion period and continued for at least3 hours.

Compound Ih3e presented the a potent choleretic effect and this isbelieved to be related to its structure; a methyl group in the C-23position partially prevents conjugation and this molecule can undergo acholehepatic shunt pathway. For comparison, the duodenal infusion ofCDCA slightly increased the bile flow, which did not exceed 80μL/min/kg.

Intravenous Infusion

For femoral infusion experiment, 6 rats were treated. FIG. 12 shows bileflow during the study. Femoral infusion started after 75 minutes ofsteady-state and continued for 60 min. Bile samples were collected every15 minutes for four hours. In addition, 3 rats were treated with 3% BSAsaline solution under the same conditions for times and sampling(femoral control rats). The bile flow during iv infusion of 3% BSAsaline vehicle (control, n=1) maintained a value ranging from 40 to 80μL/min/kg for the entire period of the experiment.

The iv infusion of compound Ih3e significantly increased the bile flowrate and the phenomenon started 15 minutes after the beginning of theinfusion period and continued for at least two hours. The cholereticeffect was quite similar to that achieved in the id infusion experiment.

Biliary Secretion

Bile samples collected during the iv and id experiments were analyzed todetermine the biliary secretion of compound Ih3e and its metabolites.

HPLC-ES-MS/MS Analysis.

Pure crystalline powder of compound Ih3e was obtained from the R.Pellicciari laboratory of Perugia. Stock solutions in methanol at 1mmol/L were prepared and working solutions were prepared by dilutingappropriate volumes of the primary solution. Methanol and acetronitrilewere of HPLC-grade purity. Ammonia was 30% and acetic acid was 99.8%.All reagents were obtained from Carlo Erba Reagents. HPLC-grade waterwas prepared by a Milli-Q system.

Sample Preparation

Rat bile samples were brought to room temperature, briefly stirred, anddiluted 1:100 v/v (bile samples from duodenal orinfusion) and 1:100 or1:200 v/v (bile samples from femoralr infusion) with 15 mM ammoniumacetate buffer (pH=5.0):acetonitrile=70:30 (v/v). The final solution wastransferred in an autosampler vial, and 10 μL was injected into thechromatographic column.

HPLC— ESI-MS/MS Method

Bile rat samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem massspectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) using electrospray (ESI) source in negativeionization mode. For liquid chromatography a Waters Alliance 2695separation module coupled with autosampler was used. Autosampler wasmaintained at 7° C. Separation was performed on a Synergi Hydro-RPC₁₈column (150×2.0 mm i.d., 4 μm particle size), protected by aSecurityGuard ODS 4×2.0 mm i.d. precolumn, both supplied fromPhenomenex. Analyte was eluted using 15 mM ammonium acetate buffer(pH=5.00) as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B. Mobilephase B was increased from 30% to 64% in 10 min, then to 100% in 10 min,and held constant for 10 min. Flow rate was 150 μL/min and the columnwas maintained at 45° C. The column effluent was introduced into ESIsource connected to a triple quadruple mass spectrometer (Quattro-LC,Micromass) operating in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) acquisitionmode. Nitrogen was used as nebulizer gas at 100 L/h flow rate and asdesolvation gas at 930 L/h. Ion source block and desolvationtemperatures were set respectively to 80° C. and 180° C. Capillaryvoltage was 3.0 kV. MassLynx software version 4.0 was used for dataacquisition and processing. In addition, using mass spectrometry both insingle MS or tandem MS/MS configuration experiments were performed toidentify metabolites.

Quantification

A 5-point calibration curve was prepared daily and injected induplicate. Calibration samples were obtained in the 0.1 to 20 μmol/Lconcentration range prepared in mobile phase. Linear calibration curveparameters were obtained from the plot of the analyte peak area versusanalyte concentration using a least squares regression analysis(weight=1/x²). Correlation coefficients were ≧0.981.

The taurine conjugated metabolites of compound Ih3e were also estimated.Corrective factors, to take into account the different responses inES-MS/MS between free and taurine conjugated species, were estimated andapplied to the area values obtained from HPLC-MRM dataset chromatograms.Finally, calibration curves obtained for the free bile acids were usedto estimate the taurine conjugated metabolites.

Pharmacokinetic (Biliary Secretion) of the Administered Analogues: ivVersus id Comparison

The data refer to the secretion rate of the compound recovered in bileas such after duodenal and femoral infusion at a dose of 1 umol/Kg/min.

Table 5 shows concentration and secretion values for compound Ih3eobtained from bile rat samples collected during the duodenal infusion (1h ranging from 75 to 135 min).

TABLE 5 Compound Ih3e concentration and secretion values obtained fromrat bile samples collected during the duodenal infusion (1 hour rangingfrom 75 to 135 minutes) Ih3e (n = 4) Time Conc. Secretion (min) (mmol/L)(μmol/kg/min) 90 0.007 0.0003 120 0.69 0.057 150 1.88 0.167 180 1.290.150 210 0.79 0.077 240 0.39 0.033 270 0.27 0.026 300 0.20 0.015

Table 6 shows concentration and secretion values obtained from bile ratsamples collected during the femoral infusion (1 h ranging from 75 to135 min).

TABLE 6 Compound Ih3e concentration and secretion values obtained fromrat bile samples collected during the femoral infusion (1 hour rangingfrom 75 to 135 minutes). Ih3e (n = 5) Time Conc. Secretion (min)(mmol/L) (μmol/kg/min) 75 n.a. —^(a) 90 1.9 0.1 120 3.1 0.23 150 3.40.31 180 2.3 0.2 210 1.06 0.105 240 0.55 0.049 270 0.27 0.018 ^(a)notcalculated

TABLE 6A Tauro-Ih3e concentration and secretion values estimated fromrat bile samples collected during the duodenal infusion (1 hour rangingfrom 75 to 135 minutes) Ih3e (n = 4) Time Conc. Secretion (min) (mmol/L)(μmol/kg/min) 90 0.017 0.001 120 0.63 0.051 150 0.68 0.053 180 0.750.091 210 0.68 0.063 240 0.60 0.054 270 0.64 0.074 300 0.74 0.053

TABLE 6B Tauro-Ih3e concentration and secretion values estimated fromrat bile samples collected during the femoral infusion (1 hour rangingfrom 75 to 135 minutes) Ih3e (n = 5) Time Conc. Secretion (min) (mmol/L)(μmol/kg/min) 90 0.29 0.0101 120 0.50 0.044 150 0.43 0.043 180 0.510.045 210 0.33 0.031 240 0.21 0.019 270 0.059 0.0039

The biliary secretion of compound Ih3e after iv administration wasefficient and the compound was recovered in bile in a relatively highpercentage. The kinetic profile indicated that the compound wasefficiently taken up by the liver and secreted in bile partially as suchand also, to a less extent, metabolized to for more polar compounds(FIGS. 13, 14 a and 14 b). Without wishing to be bound by any particulartheory, it is believed that the presence of the methyl group in C-23position hinders the conjugation process with taurine and glycine whichis in part relevant for an efficient secretion of almost all naturaloccurring carboxylated BA; this is fundamental for dihydroxy BA and to aless extent for trihydroxy BA. The extent of its recovery in bile isalso related to the administered dose. After id administration therecovery in bile is was slightly lower than the recovery after ivadministration suggesting that the compound is not efficiently absorbedby the intestine (FIGS. 13, 14 c and 14 d) Considering thephysicochemical properties, we expected that this compound could beabsorbed by passive diffusion mechanism (LogP=1.44) and an activemechanism did not seem to be involved. The presence of three hydroxylgroup allows the molecule on one side to be efficiently taken up by theliver and partially secreted into bile. It also prevents the moleculefrom being absorbed by the intestine.

Example 12B

The results in the Table shown below reveal that compound Ih3e has apotent choleretic effect, with the maximum bile secretion rate (SV0)being significantly higher than those of CDCA and CA.

TABLE Biliary Lipid Secretion Parameters after iv and id Infusion at aDose of 1 (μmol/min)/kg bw over 1 h of BAs^(a) SV₀ S_(BA) % free %conjug Compd id(iv) id(iv) id(iv) id(iv) CDCA 57 ± 7 0.7 ± 0.2  3 ± 1 96± 8 (51 ± 9) (0.8 ± 0.1)  (4 ± 1) (98 ± 5) CA 64 ± 6 1.0 ± 0.4 12 ± 2 90± 4 (78 ± 8) (1.3 ± 0.2)  (8 ± 3) (92 ± 6) Ih3e 112 ± 12 0.5 ± 0.2 94 ±6 10 ± 5 (131 ± 11) (0.7 ± 0.3) (93 ± 5)  (7 ± 3) R-EMCA 81 ± 8 0.4 ±0.2 68 ± 8 32 ± 7 (90 ± 5) (0.5 ± 0.1) (65 ± 4) (26 ± 6) Saline 46 ± 40.4 ± 0.1 (48 ± 4) (0.4 ± 0.1) ^(α)Data represent average values andstandard deviations of six independent experiments. The vehicle used forthe id administration was saline solution. The vehicle used for the ivadministration was 3% BSA saline solution, pH 7.2. SV₀: maximum bilesecretion rate ((μL/min)/kg bw). S_(BA): maximum BA secretion rate((μmol/min)/kg bw). % free: percentage of the administered doserecovered in bile of the molecules as such. % conjugate: percentage ofthe administered dose recovered as conjugated BA.

Accordingly, the results in the table above show that compound Ih3e isresistant to conjugation, with more than 90% of the compound beingsecreted into the bile in its unconjugated form after intravenous orintraduodenal infusion. In contrast CDCA and CA cannot be secreted intobile as such, requiring the conjugation step. Thus, it is envisaged thatthe C23(S) methyl group of compound Ih3e prevents carboxyl CoAactivation and subsequent conjugation, thereby favoring its cholehepaticshunt pathway with a ductular absorption and a potent choleretic effect.

To further study the influence of the configuration of the C23 methylgroup on the side chain amidation and choleretic effect of the compound,similar analyses were also carried out on the other epimer, namely,6α-ethyl-23(R)-methylcholic acid (R-EMCA in the table above). Theinspection of the maximum bile secretion rate (SV0) shows that thecholeretic effect of R-EMCA is still higher than CA, though lower thancompound Ih3e. As a result, these data suggest that the orientation ofthe C-23 methyl group is important for the conjugation of the carboxylgroup, with the methyl moiety fitting poorly in the catalytic pocket ofthe conjugating enzyme in the case of the C23(S) epimer. Altogether,these results show that compound Ih3e is efficiently absorbed andundergoes enterohepatic cycling albeit with relatively little liverconjugation. The low rate of conjugation may also allow compound Ih3e toescape hepatic first pass clearance and reach the systemic bloodcirculation.

Hepatic Metabolism

For a preliminary screening the search of the possible metabolites wasperformed on the basis of the expected compounds according to previousexperiments and data and the structure and physicochemical properties ofcompound Ih3e.

Compound Ih3e is mainly secreted as parent compound (unmodified) and wasonly slightly metabolized by the liver. The main metabolite was thetaurine conjugate and the mono glucuronide was present in a low amount.The metabolism is similar for both iv and id administration. Consideringthe recovery in bile, we expected to identify other metabolites. Thepresence of the methyl group in the C-23 position hinders theconjugation process with taurine and glycine which is in part requiredfor an efficient secretion of almost all natural occurring carboxylatedBAs; this is fundamental for dihydroxy BA and to a less extent fortrihydroxy BA since they are already quite polar. Formation ofglucuronides could became relevant if administered higher doses.

FIG. 14 a shows compound Ih3e and its main metabolites identified inbile using mass spectrometry in the iv experiment. Data are reported asabsolute area values (n=5). FIG. 14 b is a zoom display of FIG. 14 a.FIG. 14 c shows compound Ih3e and its main metabolites identified inbile using mass spectrometry in the di experiment. Data are reported asabsolute area values. FIG. 14 d is a zoom display of FIG. 14 c.

In summary, compound Ih3e is moderately hydrophilic and has a milddetergency. Its hepatic uptake seems efficient. The biliary secretion isalso efficient considering that the compound is secreted mainlyunmodified and, to a limited extent, conjugated with taurine. Theintestinal absorption is also efficient, even if it is not complete, andthe molecule does not require extensive hepatic metabolism at theadministered dose to be secreted into bile. The presence of the methylgroup in the C-23 position prevents extensive conjugation with taurinefor biliary secretion. Therefore, there is an increase in the hepaticresonance time of the molecule which undergoes a cholehepatic shuntpathway, which is responsible for its potent choleretic effect.

Example 13 In Vitro Toxicity on HepG2 Cell

Compounds of the invention were evaluated for in vitro toxicity using aHepG2 cell assay. HepG2 cell cytotoxicity was determined by monitoringATP decrease and HepG2 cell apotosis was determined by monitoringcaspase-3 activation. The results are shown in Table 7.

Cytotoxicity

Cell viability was measured using Perkinelmer ATP-Lite 1 STEP. ATP is amarker for cell viability because it is present in all metabolicallyactive cells and the concentration declines very rapidly when the cellsundergo necrosis or apoptosis. HepG2 cells (1×10⁴) were seeded in 96wells plate and stimulated with 10-fold dilutions from 1 nM to 300 μM ofthe compound Ih3e for 4 h at 37° C. The plates were equilibrate at RTfor 10 minutes and 100 of ATP-Lite 1 STEP Reagent was added to 100 μl ofculture medium containing cells. Luminescence was read with Victor Light(PerkinElemr). The experimental signal was subtracted from background.Tamoxifen was used as positive control of cellular cytotoxicity, whilenegative control was the non treated cells.

Apoptosis

Caspases participate in the molecular control of apoptosis and TruPointCaspase-3 Substrate enables sensitive, robust and homogeneoustime-resolved fluorescence assay of caspase-3 activity. HumanHepatocytes cells (HepG2) were seeded (1×10⁴) in 96 well plate withHepG2 medium without sodium pyruvate. The cells were stimulated 4 h at37° C. with serial dilutions of test compound Ih3e from 1 nM to 300 μMin triplicate. Staurosporin was used as positive control of apoptoticcells. Negative controls were: 1. Unstimulated cells; 2. Medium alonewithout cells; 3. Cells incubated without the caspase substrate. Lysesbuffer and Caspase-3 Substrate were added to the cells and 1 hour and 24hours after fluorescence was measured with EnVision.

Necrosis

The cellular necrosis was analyzed by measuring the release of LactatoDeHydroxegenase (LDH) from the necrotic cells using Promega's CytoToxONE Homogeneous Membrane Integrity Assay. HepG2 cells (1×10⁴) wereseeded in a 96 well plate. After 18 hours of incubation fresh mediumwithout Sodium Pyruvate and Serum free was replaced and compound Ih3ewere added in dose response from 0.1 μM to 500 μM. Triton 1% was used asmaximum LDH release control. Tamoxifen was used as inducer necrosis. Theplated cells were placed back into the incubator for an additional 4hours. The supernatant was transferred in a new plate and the samevolume of CytoTox-ONE Reagent was added to the plate. After 1 h ofincubation the fluorescence was read with the EnVision multilabel platereader with an excitation wavelength of 560 nm and an emission of 590nm.

TABLE 7 In VitroToxicity on HepG2 cells APOPTOSIS CYTOTOXICITY Caspase-3NECROSIS ATP decrease activation LDH release Compound EC₅₀ (μM) EC₅₀(μM) EC₅₀ (μM) Staurosporine^((apoptosis)) 15 3 n.d.Tamoxifen^((Necrosis)) 47 4 35 LCA 84 65 105 CDCA 650 890 >1000UDCA >1000 n.d. n.d. CA >1000 n.d. n.d. Compound Ih3e >1000 n.d. n.d.

Example 14 NR Selectivity Assays

The selectivity of compounds of the invention was evaluated using assaymethods known in the art. Specifically, the following assay methods wereused:

FXR and LXR: Coactivator Recruitment (alphascreen);TGR5: cAMP level on human intestinal cell line (NCI-H716);PXR: Ligands Competition assay (Binding Assay)

CAR: Coactivator Recruitment (Lanthascreen)

Table 8 shows the results of these assays.

TR-FRET Coactivator Assay

Lanthascreen assay (Invitrogen) was used for nuclear receptorselectivity assay. The kit uses a terbium-labeled anti-GST antibody, afluorescein-labeled coactivator peptide, and a NR ligand-binding domainthat is tagged with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in a homogenousmix-and-read assay format. The assays were performed in 384 microwellplate (PerkinElmer). A 20 μl total assay reaction included 5 nMGST-tagged NRs, 125 nM of coregulator peptide, 5 nM of TB-anti-GSTtagged antibody (terbium-anti-glutathione S transferase tagged), 5 mM MTand varying concentration of compound Ih3e in the assay buffer suppliedby Invitrogen. The negative control was devoid of the compound Ih3e butcontained everything else contained in the agonist well. Following 1hour incubation in the dark, TR-FRET measurements were made in theEnvision. The emission ratio 520/495 was plotted against varying ligandconcentrations. The data was analyzed using GraphPad Prism using thesigmoidal curve equation with variable slope to obtain EC₅₀ values.

TABLE 8 NR Selectivity Assays FXR TGR5 LXRα PXR CAR PPARδ VDR ActivationActivation Activation Binding Activation Activation Activation Compound(CDCA = (LCA = (T0901317= (SR-12183 = (CITCO = (GW0742 =(Di-HydroxyVitD3 = (Reference 10-20 μM) 4-8 μM) 0.08 μM) 0.013 μM) 0.005(μM) 0.004 μM) 0.005 μM) Standard) EC₅₀ (μM) EC₅₀ (μM) EC₅₀ (μM) IC₅₀(μM) EC₅₀ (μM) EC₅₀ (μM) EC₅₀ (μM) CDCA 20 30 No activity >250 >250 Noactivity No activity LCA No activity 4-8 No activity 23 No activity Noactivity No activity CA No activity 30 No activity No activity Noactivity No activity No activity UDCA >150 No activity Noactivity >250 >250 No activity No activity Compound 175   0.9 Noactivity 110 >250 No activity No activity Ih3e FXR, LXR, CAR, PPARδ,VDR: Coactivator Recruitment Assay; TGR-5: cAMP level on humanintestinal cell line, NCI-H716; PXR: Ligands Competition assay;

Example 15 Compound Stability

The stability of compound Ih3e was determined using methods known in theart. Cellular fraction concentration was 1 mg/ml over a time course of0-15-30-60-120-240-360-1440 minutes. Positive controls were testosterone(1000 ng/ml); 7-hydroxy coumarine (1296 ng/ml); benzoic acid (2440ng/ml) over a time course of 0-10-20-40-60-120. The analytical methodused was LC/MS separation on C18 column by gradient polarity;acquisition performed in Single Ion Monitoring. The results are shownbelow in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Positive Controls 7-Hydroxy Benzoic Ih3e Testosterone CoumarineAcid T½ (expressed in minutes) Human liver 725 39 8.5 236 S9 fractionHuman liver 1942 8-20 — — Microsomes

Example 16 Release of GLP-1 ex vivo

FIG. 16 shows that compound Ih3e dramatically and dose-dependentlyinduces the release of GLP-1 ex vivo. FIG. 16 shows the impact of 1 hexposure to indicated concentration of compound Ih3e on GLP-1 release exvivo in ileal explants isolated from 18-weeks HF-fed TGR5-Tg male mice(n=4). The data are represented as mean±SE: Student's unpaired t-test,(*) P<0.05, compound Ih3e treated ileal explants vs vehicle treated.

The following Experimental Procedures are utilized in Examples 17-21.

Chemicals and Reagents

All biochemical reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich unlessindicated. The DPP4 inhibitor (DPP4i) sitagliptin was a kind gift fromDr. C. Ullmer (Hoffmann-La Roche). Compound Ih3e was synthesized aspreviously described (Macchiarulo et al., 2008; Pellicciari et al.,2007).

Cell Culture

In vitro experiments were carried out in STC-1 or NCI-H716 cells treatedwith vehicle (DMSO) or Compound Ih3e. Compound Ih3e was assessed for itsagonistic activity on TGR5 as previously described (Macchiarulo et al.,2008, J. Chem. Inf. Model. 48, 1792; Pellicciari et al., 2007, J. Med.Chem. 50, 4265-4268). cAMP production was performed as described (Satoet al., 2008, J. Med. Chem. 51, 1831; Watanabe et al., 2006, Nature 439,484). Cox activity was evaluated by following the oxidation of fullyreduced cytochrome c (Sigma) at 550 nm (Feige et al., 2008b, Cell Metab.8, 347). ATP/ADP ratio and GLP-1 release were measured according to themanufacturers' instructions (Biovision and Millipore, respectively).Primary brown adipocytes were prepared as previously described (Watanabeet al., 2006, Nature 439, 484), and ileal explants were preparedaccording to an established method (Cima et al., 2004, J. Exp. Med. 200,1635-1646).

Intracellular Calcium Quantification

NCI-H716(40,000 cells) was seeded in 96-well black plates coated withMatrigel (BD Biosciences). Seventy-two hours after transfection, cellswere washed twice in assay buffer (HBSS1x, 20 mM HEPES [pH 7.4]) andassayed for intracellular calcium with Fluo-4 AM according to themanufacturer's protocol (Invitrogen).

Biochemistry and Histochemistry

Plasma parameters and hepatic and fecal lipid content were measured asdescribed (Mataki et al., 2007, Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 8330-8339).Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Sirius red, and oil red 0 staining wereperformed as described (Mark al., 2007, Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter29, Unit 29B, 24), and micrographs were taken on wide-field microscopes(Leica) with a CCD camera. For pancreatic sections, islets were sizedand counted from four HE-stained alternated sections spaced of 150 μMusing ImageJ software (five animals per group). Immunofluorescentstaining of insulin was performed as described (Fajas et al., 2004, J.Clin. Invest. 113, 1288). Additionally, pancreatic islets were isolatedby collagenase digestion of pancreas from HF-fed TGR5-Tg mice accordingto online-available procedures (for example, see JOVE (Journal ofVisualized Experiments website)). Insulin was extracted after 0/Nincubation at −20° C. in acid ethanol and measured by ELISA onPBS-diluted samples according to the manufacturer's instructions(Mercodia). GLP-1 release was measured in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivoaccording to methods known in the art.

Oxygen Consumption Measurement

Cellular oxygen consumption was measured using a Seahorse BioscienceXF24 analyzer with ten biological replicates per condition (Feige etal., 2008b, Cell Metab. 8, 347).

Animal Experiments

Animals were housed and bred according to standardized procedures(Argmann and Auwerx, 2006b). Age-matched male mice were used for allexperiments. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), i.e., TGR5-Tgand TGR5^(−/−) mice, were generated as described in the SupplementalData. DIO in the GEMMs or C57BL/6J mice (Charles River) was induced byfeeding 8-week-old mice with a HF diet (60% cal/fat, D12492; ResearchDiets) for at least 8 weeks, as mentioned in the text and figurelegends. In the dietary intervention experiments, Compound Ih3e wasmixed with diet (Feige et al., 2008a, Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter29, Unit 29B, 25) at the dose sufficient to reach an in vivo dose of 30mg/kg/d. Mouse phenotyping experiments were performed according toEMPRESS protocols (see, for example, Empress (European Mouse PhenotypingResource of Standardised Screening) website) and were aimed to assessfood and water intake, body composition (Argmann et al., 2006a, Curr.Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter 29, Unit 29A, 23), energy expenditure(Argmann et al., 2006a, Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter 29, Unit 29A,23), glucose and lipid homeostasis (Argmann et al., 2006b, Curr. Protoc.Mol. Biol. Chapter 29, Unit 29A, 22); Heikkinen et al., 2007, Curr.Protoc. Mol. Chapter. 29, Unit 29B, 23; Mataki et al., 2007, Mol. Cell.Biol. 27, 8330), and plasma biochemistry (Argmann and Auwerx, 2006a,Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. Chapter 29, Unit 29A, 22). Tissues and bloodwere collected and processed for histopathology, blood chemistry, andgene expression according to standardized procedures (Argmann andAuwerx, 2006a; Feige et al., 2008b; Mark et al., 2007; Watanabe et al.,2006). Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies were performed asdescribed (Feige et al., 2008b), with minor modifications including achange in the initial insulin bolus (30 mU/kg) and insulin infusion rate(10 mU/min/kg). Plasma GLP-1 levels were measured by ELISA (Millipore)on blood collected by retro-orbital puncture. Experiments with db/dbmice (Charles River) were performed in 14-week-old animals fed a CDwithout or with compound Ih3e (30 mg/kg/d) for 6 weeks (Feige et al.,2008a).

Gene Expression Profiling

Gene expression profiling was performed by real-time quantitative PCR(Feige et al., 2008b; Watanabe et al., 2006). Primer sequences used havebeen previously published, except those used for the Kir6.2 gene: R-5′AGATGCTAAACTTGGGCTTG (SEQ ID NO. 1), F-5′ TAAAGTGCCCACACCACTC (SEQ IDNO. 2).

Statistics

Statistical analyses were performed by using the unpaired Student's ttest. Data are expressed as mean±SEM, and P values smaller than 0.05were considered statistically significant.

Example 17 TGR5 mRNA Expression

A link between BAs and energy expenditure in vivo (Watanabe et al.,2006, Nature, 439, 484-489) has been previously established, thus it wasspeculated that activation of TGR5 signaling could impact mitochondrialactivity in a more general fashion. To find initial support for thishypothesis, TGR5 mRNA expression was analyzed via the GeneNetwork livermRNA database in the BxD genetic reference population as found on theGeneNetwork University of Tennessee website. A wide range of variationin TGR5 mRNA expression was evident among the different BxD mousestrains. Interestingly, TGR5 mRNA expression was highly significantlycorrelated with the expression of several genes encoding for subunits ofcomplexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, such as cytochrome coxidase (Cox) (e.g., CoxVI1a; FIG. 17A) and ATP synthase (Atp6v0b,ATPase H⁺ transporting V0 subunit B; Atpaf2, ATP synthase mitochondrialF1 complex assembly factor 2; Atp1 a3, ATPase Na⁺/K+ transporting alpha3 polypeptide; Atp6v1 b2, ATPase H⁺ transporting V1 subunit B isoform2). Consistent with this observation, treatment of STC-1 cells withcompound Ih3e resulted in a cAMP-dependent increase in Cox activity(FIG. 17B), which was associated with an increase in cellular oxygenconsumption (FIG. 17C) and a rise in the ATP/ADP ratio (FIG. 17D). Thisresult was confirmed in the human enteroendocrine cell line NCI-H716, inwhich compound Ih3e treatment increased ATP production in acAMP-dependent manner. Interestingly, TGR5 expression was also stronglycorrelated with that of Kir6.2, a component of the ATP-dependentpotassium channel (K_(ATP)) (FIG. 17E). These correlations were furthercorroborated by TGR5RNA interference in STC-1 cells, which resulted in aconcomitant drop in the expression of CoxIV and Kir6.2 mRNAs (FIG. 17F).

Example 18 Activation of TGR5Signaling Pathway Increases IntracellularCalcium Levels and Stimulates GLP-1 Release in Enteroendocrine L Cells

In pancreatic β cells, it is well established that an increase in theATP/ADP ratio derived from glucose metabolism closes the K_(ATP)channels, resulting in depolarization of the plasma membrane. Thismembrane depolarization in turn opens calcium-gated voltage channels(Ca_(v)), causing calcium influx. The resultant increase inintracellular calcium then triggers the direct interaction betweenexocytotic proteins situated in the insulin-containing granule membraneand those located in the plasma membrane (Yang and Berggren, 2006,Endocr. Rev. 27, 621-676), leading to the subsequent release of insulin(Nichols, 2006, Nature, 440, 470-476). Recent findings support thehypothesis that K_(ATP) and Ca_(v) channels also play a pivotal role inGLP-1 release from enteroendocrine L cells (Reimann and Gribble, 2002,Diabetes 51, 2757-2763; Reimann et al., 2008, Cell Metab. 8, 532-539).Fascinatingly, in the BxD reference population, we also found that TGR5expression correlated with the expression of Ca_(v)2.2 (FIG. 18A), whoseexpression was previously described in enteroendocrine cells (Reimann etal., 2005, J. Physiol. 563, 161-175) and which participates incalcium-stimulated insulin release in pancreatic 3 cells (Yang andBerggren, 2006, Endocr. Rev. 27, 621-676). Along with this, compoundIh3e robustly increased calcium influx in the human enteroendocrine cellline NCI-H716, an effect that was potentiated by TGR5 overexpressionand, by contrast, blunted by TGR5RNA interference (FIGS. 18B and 18C) orby the addition of the adenylate cyclase inhibitor MDL-1 2330A(MDL)(FIG. 18D). In addition, the presence of glucose enhanced theTGR5-dependent increase in intracellular calcium (FIG. 18E). This effectwas correlated with a rise in GLP-1 release from the NCI-H716 cells(FIG. 18F), which was inhibited by MDL-12-330A.

The TGR5-mediated GLP-1 release triggered by compound Ih3e was furtherconfirmed in the mouse enteroendocrine STC-1 cells in which the impactof compound Ih3e on GLP-1 release was enhanced by TGR5 overexpression,while being prevented either by RNA interference (FIG. 18G) or byMDL-12-330A, further underscoring the cAMP dependence of TGR5-mediatedGLP-1 release (FIG. 18H). Taken together, these data demonstrate thatTGR5 regulates a key pathway governing the release of GLP-1 fromenteroendocrine L cells.

Example 19 TGR5 Overexpression Modulates GLP-1 Secretion In Vivo

To further evaluate the metabolic role of enhanced TGR5 signaling, weassessed the impact of transgenic overexpression of TGR5 in vivo in thecontext of DIO in mice. TGR5 transgenic mice (TGR5-Tg) were generated byoocyte injection of the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)RP23-278N1. By quantitative real-time PCR, TGR5-Tg mice were shown tohave integrated six copies of the RP23-278N1 1 BAC clone, leading to arobust TGR5 mRNA expression, restricted to most tissues that expressTGR5 normally. Glucose tolerance was markedly improved in TGR5-Tg micechallenged for 10 weeks with a high-fat (HF) diet compared to controlHF-fed litter-mates (FIG. 19A), whereas no difference was noticed inmice on chow diet (CD) (data not shown). In contrast to ourexpectations, no differences were observed in body weight gain betweenwild-type and TGR5-Tg mice on CD or HF diet, demonstrating thatimprovement of glucose tolerance in TGR5-Tg mice could not be attributedto the confounding effects of weight loss. The absence of weight gain inTGR5-Tg mice, in the wake of an increase in energy expenditure, wasexplained by a reduction of locomotor activity. Since GLP-1 receptorknockout mice display a marked hyperactivity (Hansotia et al., 2007, J.Clin. Invest. 117, 143-152), we administered the GLP-1 receptor agonistEx-4 to wild-type mice in order to assess whether the decrease inlocomotor activity in TGR5-Tg mice could be linked to GLP-1 secretion.Ex-4 efficiently and dose-dependently reduced locomotor activity inmice. Interestingly, at 1 nmol/Kg, we noticed a significant decrease inlocomotor activity while the mice were still eating properly.

Interestingly, and according to our expectations, glucose tolerance inTGR5-Tg mice was associated with a robust GLP-1 secretion and insulinrelease in response to an oral glucose load (FIG. 19B). The significanceof the enhanced GLP-1 secretion was underscored by the fact thatmeasurements of plasma GLP-1 levels were performed without preliminaryoral administration of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor to themice. This enhanced GLP-1 release in TGR5-Tg mice helps to explain thedecreased locomotor activity in these mice. To further investigate theimpact of TGR5 overexpression on GLP-1 secretion, the HF-fed mice weresubsequently challenged with a test meal to stimulate BA release fromthe gallbladder. Interestingly, the impact of TGR5 overexpression oninsulin and GLP-1 secretion was more pronounced postprandially thanafter simple glucose challenge (FIG. 19C). It is speculated that theseeffects are due to the increased BA flux triggered by the test meal ascompared to the glucose challenge. In line with this hypothesis, thetreatment of ileal explants from TGR5-Tg and control mice withlithocholic acid (LCA) confirmed that BAs provide an excellent signal toinduce GLP-1 release in the context of high TGR5 expression (FIG. 19D).These data are furthermore in accordance with results obtained inmTGR5-transfected STC-1 cells in which GLP-1 release was also boosted byincreased expression of TGR5 (FIG. 19G). We speculate that in thecontext of wild-type ileal explants, the quick degradation of GLP-1 byDPP4 enzyme might mask the moderate increase in GLP-1 release triggeredby LCA.

The impact of GLP-1 on pancreatic function has been extensivelydocumented during the last decade and ranges from insulin-secretagogueeffects to the promotion of pancreatic islet survival and proliferation(Drucker, 2006, Cell Metab. 3, 153-165). In this context,immunofluorescent staining of insulin on pancreatic sections revealedthat, in contrast to hypertrophic islets with low insulin content, asobserved in HF-fed control mice, islets of HF-fed TGR5-Tg mice were nothypertrophic and stained more intensively for insulin (FIG. 19E). Inline with these data, counting and sizing of pancreatic islets confirmedthat TGR5 expression results in the maintenance of a normal isletdistribution profile (FIG. 19F), likely due to enhanced plasma GLP-1levels. In addition, the insulin content of isolated pancreatic isletswas significantly higher in HF-fed TGR5-Tg mice than in controls (FIG.19G).

To further establish a role of TGR5 signaling in the maintenance ofglucose homeostasis, we assessed the glucose tolerance of germlineTGR5-deficient mice (TGR5^(−/−)), generated by breeding mice in whichthe TGR5 allele was floxed with CMV-Cre transgenic mice. In directcontrast with what was observed in TGR5-Tg mice, glucose tolerance wasimpaired in TGR5^(−/−) mice challenged with a HF-diet for 8 weeks (FIG.19H), whereas no difference was observed in CD-fed mice (data notshown). GLP-1 secretion was then tested by challenging TGR5^(+/+) andTGR5^(−/−) mice with an oral glucose load 30 min after theadministration of saline or compound Ih3e alone, or in combination withthe DPP4 inhibitor (DPP4i), sitagliptin. Preadministration of compoundIh3e moderately increased GLP-1 release after a glucose challenge inTGR5^(+/+) mice (FIG. 19I). This effect was, however, markedly morepronounced when DPP4i was coadministered as a consequence of its abilityto prolong the half-life of plasma GLP-1 (Drucker and Nauck, 2006,Lancet, 368, 1696-1705) (FIG. 19I). In contrast, the effects of compoundIh3e on plasma GLP-1 levels were blunted in TGR5^(−/−) mice (FIG. 19J).Together, these data underscore the critical role of TGR5 signaling inthe control of GLP-1 release and further demonstrate the specificity ofthe semisynthetic agonist compound Ih3e in vivo.

Example 20 The TGR5Agonist Compound Ih3e Increases Energy Expenditureand Reduces Hepatic Steatosis and Obesity Upond High-Fat Feeding

In view of the improved glucose and insulin profile in TGR5-Tg mice, wenext assessed the therapeutic potential of compound Ih3e admixed at adose of 30 mg/kg/day (mkd) with the diet in an intervention study inC57BL/6J mice in which diabesity was induced by HF feeding for 14 weeks.As expected, the HPLC profile of plasma BAs confirmed the presence ofcompound Ih3e in the treated mice only (FIG. 20A). The plasma levels ofcompound Ih3e were within the range of those of CA and 3-muricholicacid. It is noteworthy that compound Ih3e treatment affected neitherplasma BA composition nor the expression profile of the enzymes involvedin BA synthesis, whose expression is mainly under the control of nuclearreceptors. The complete absence of changes in the expression level ofclassical target genes of FXR in the liver, such as cholesterol7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and bile salt export pump (BSEP) (Thomas et al.,2008, Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery 7, 678-693), further confirmed thespecificity of compound Ih3e toward TGR5.

After 10 weeks of treatment with compound Ih3e, a significantattenuation of body weight gain of about 15%, in association with asharp reduction in fat mass, was observed in HF-fed Ih3e-treated micerelative to HF-fed controls (FIGS. 20B and 20C). The increase in liverand fat pad mass was also attenuated in HF-fed Ih3e-treated mice (FIG.20D). As noticed in our previous study with CA (Watanabe et al., 2006,Nature, 439, 484-489), the decrease in BAT mass was related to adiminution of white adipose tissue (WAT) in the interscapular region(FIG. 20D and data not shown). The metabolic changes between controlHF-fed and Ih3e-treated HF-fed mice were not caused by a reduced calorieintake (FIG. 20E) or fecal energy loss, but rather were the consequenceof enhanced energy expenditure, as indicated by the measurement of O₂consumption and CO₂ production during indirect calorimetry (FIG. 20F).During the dark period, the respiratory quotient of Ih3e-treated micewas significantly reduced, consistent with increased fat burning (FIG.20F). Gene expression profiling of BAT confirmed that activation of theTGR5 signaling pathway triggers the increase of several mitochondrialgenes involved in energy expenditure along with an induction of type 2deiodinase gene expression (FIG. 20G). The activation of themitochondrial respiratory chain by compound Ih3e was further evidencedby measuring O₂ consumption in primary brown adipocytes isolated fromC57BL/6J mice treated for 12 hr with compound Ih3e. Addition of theuncoupling agent, carbonylcyanide-ptrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone(FCCP), boosted basal O₂ consumption in all conditions but wassignificantly more pronounced in those treated with compound Ih3e (FIG.20H). In addition to the enhanced energy expenditure, liver function wasalso improved, as evidenced by the reduction in liver steatosis, whichwas assessed by oil red 0 staining (FIG. 20I) and biochemicalquantification of liver lipid content (FIG. 20J). Moreover, plasmalevels of liver enzymes were markedly reduced compared to HF-fedcontrols, correlating with the absence of liver fibrosis in liversections of Ih3e-treated mice stained with Sirius red (FIGS. 20I and20K). The improvement in liver function was also reflected by thesignificant drop in plasma triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids(NEFAs) in HF-fed mice treated with compound Ih3e (FIG. 20L).

Example 21 The TGR5Agonist Compound Ih3e Improves Insulin Sensitivity inObese Mice

The ability of compound Ih3e to improve glucose homeostasis wasdetermined. In both DIO and db/db mice, an environmental and geneticmodel of diabesity, respectively, treatment with compound Ih3e (30 mkd)admixed with the diet robustly improved glucose tolerance after an oralchallenge with glucose (FIGS. 21A and 21C), along with an improvement ofthe glucose-stimulated insulin secretion profile (FIGS. 21B and 21D,lower panel). This feature is consistent with a GLP-1-mediatedimprovement in pancreatic function. Furthermore, fasting glucose andinsulin levels were decreased in both DIO and db/db mice that weretreated with compound Ih3e (FIGS. 21B and 21D, top panel). To furthercharacterize the impact of compound Ih3e on glucose homeostasis andinsulin sensitivity, a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp wasperformed on these DIO mice. Consistent with the improved glucosetolerance, the glucose infusion rate required to maintain euglycemia inDIO mice treated with compound Ih3e was virtually identical to thatobserved in CD-fed control mice (FIG. 21E). While insulin-resistantHF-fed mice showed an increased endogenous production of hepaticglucose, together with a reduction of both glucose disposal rate and thesuppression of glucose production by insulin, compound Ih3e treatment ofHF-fed mice normalized these parameters to the values observed in CD-fedmice (FIG. 21E). Measurement of insulin-stimulated ¹⁴C-deoxyglucoseuptake during the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic glucose clamp indicatedthat the improvement in glucose homeostasis by compound Ih3e could bemainly attributed to reduced insulin resistance in liver and muscle(FIG. 21F). These effects correlated with normalization in theexpression of key genes involved in hepatic glucose homeostasis (FIG.21G).

To address the specificity of compound Ih3e with regard to TGR5 in vivo,the impact of 4 weeks' treatment with compound Ih3e at 30 mkd on glucosetolerance was compared in TGR5′ and TGR5/mice, primed by HF feeding for9 weeks. Even over this short time period, compound Ih3e significantlyimproved glucose tolerance in TGR5^(+/+) fed a HF diet (FIG. 6A), alongwith a normalization of insulin secretion during oral glucose challenge(FIG. 6B). These effects were blunted in TGR5^(−/−) mice, therebyproviding further arguments to support the specificity of compound Ih3efor TGR5 (FIGS. 22A and 22B).

Example 22 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism in Bile-Fistula Rat After IVAdministration for Compounds Ih3e and Ii3e

The difference between the two pure diasteroisomers, Ih3e and Ii3e, isthat the C-23 methyl group is oriented differently, thus generating the23S and 23R forms. This structure modification could in part modify thephysicochemical properties, metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the twocompounds. The introduction of a C-23 methyl group in the side chaindifferently oriented produced two isomers where also the carboxy groupis differently oriented and its reactivity in the amidation process orin the deconjugation of the amidated form can be different among the twodiasteroisomers. The different carboxy group orientation is alsoresponsible for a different hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of the twomolecules which could result in different biological properties andmetabolism. In order to clarify this point the two pure isomers wereadministered by femoral infusion (i.v.) to a bile fistula rat model at asingle dose of 1 μmol/min/kg bw for 1 hour and bile samples werecollected for 3 hours. The effect on bile flow, on biliary secretion ofthe parent compound and of the main metabolite were also evaluated.

Bile Flow. Choleretic Effect

Methods

This study was performed by administration of the two compounds viafemoral infusion (iv); 6 rats (body weight 267±12 g) were treated witheach diasteroisomer at a dose of 1 μmol/min/kg. Femoral infusion startedafter 75 minutes of steady-state and continued for 60 minutes. Bilesamples were collected every 15 minutes for 2 hours. In addition, 3 ratswere treated with 3% BSA saline solution under the same conditions fortimes and sampling (femoral control rats).

Results

The bile flow during iv infusion of the control 3% BSA saline vehiclemaintained a value ranging from 40 to 60 μL/min/kg for the entire periodof the experiments. The iv infusion of compound Ih3e significantlyincreased the bile flow rate and this phenomenon started 15 minutesafter the beginning of the infusion period and continued for at least 2hours after the end of the infusion period (FIG. 23). The iv infusion ofcompound Ii3e also increased the bile flow rate but this effect issignificantly lower than that observed for the isomer compound Ih3e(FIG. 23).

Pharmacokinetics (Biliary Secretion) of the Administered Isomers afteriv Infusion

Bile samples collected at different times during the iv experiments wereanalyzed to determine the biliary secretions of the administered isomersand their main metabolites recovered in bile.

Materials

Pure crystalline powder of each compound was obtained from R.Pellicciari's laboratory at the University of Perugia. Stock solutionswere prepared in methanol at 1 mmol/L and working solutions wereprepared by diluting appropriate volumes of the primary solution.Methanol and acetonitrile were of HPLC-grade purity. Ammonia was 30%pure and acetic acid was 99.8% pure. All reagents were obtained fromCarlo Erba Reagents. HPLC-grade water was prepared by a Milli-Q system.

Sample Preparation

Rat bile samples were brought to room temperature, briefly stirred, anddiluted 1:100 or 1:200 v/v with 15 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH=5.0):acetonitrile (70:30, v/v). The final solution was transferred in anautosampler vial and 10 μL was injected onto the chromatographic column.When samples were found out of linearity range, they were diluted andreanalyzed.

HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Method

Rat bile samples were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS using the ESI source innegative ionization mode. For liquid chromatography a Waters Alliance2695 separation module coupled with autosampler was used. Theautosampler was maintained at 7° C. Separation was performed on aSynergi Hydro-RP C18 column (150×2.0 mm i.d., 4 μm particle size),protected by a SecurityGuard ODS 4×2.0 mm i.d. precolumn, both suppliedfrom Phenomenex. The analyte was eluted using 15 mM ammonium acetatebuffer (pH=5.0) as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B.Mobile phase B was increased from 30% to 64% in 10 minutes, then to 100%in 10 minutes, and held constant for 10 minutes. Flow rate was 150μL/min and the column was maintained at 45° C. The column effluent wasintroduced into the ESI source connected to a triple quadruple MS(Quattro-LC, Micromass) operating in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)acquisition mode. Nitrogen was used as nebulizer gas at 100 L/h flowrate and as desolvation gas at 930 L/h. The ion source block anddesolvation temperatures were set respectively to 80° C. and 180° C.Capillary voltage was 3.0 kV. MassLynx software version 4.0 was used fordata acquisition and processing. In addition, using mass spectrometryboth in single MS and tandem MS/MS configurations, experiments wereperformed to identify metabolites.

Quantification

A 5-point calibration curve was prepared daily and injected induplicate. Calibration samples were obtained in the 0.1-20 μmol/Lconcentration range prepared in the mobile phase. Linear calibrationcurve parameters were obtained from the plot of the analyte peak areaversus analyte concentration using a least squares regression analysis(weight=1/x2). Correlation coefficients were ≧0.994. The taurineconjugated metabolites of compounds Ih3e and Ii3e were also estimatedeven if standards were not available to us. A corrective factor, to takeinto account the different responses in ES-MS/MS between free andtaurine conjugated species, previously estimated was applied to the areavalues obtained from HPLC-MRM dataset chromatograms. Finally,calibration curves obtained for the free BA were used to estimatetaurine conjugated metabolites.

Results-Biliary Secretion-Compound Ih3e

The biliary secretion of compound Ih3e after iv administration wasefficient and the compound was recovered in bile at a relatively highpercentage of the administered dose. The kinetic profile indicates thatcompound Ih3e was efficiently taken up by the liver and secreted in bilemainly unmodified and also, to a lesser extent conjugated with taurine(FIG. 24); other minor metabolites including glucuronides have beenidentified in bile in trace amounts (FIGS. 26 and 27).

The presence of the methyl group in the C-23 position hinders thephysiological conjugation process with taurine and glycine which isrelevant for efficient secretion of almost all naturally occurringcarboxylated BA; this is crucial for dihydroxy-BA and to a lesser extentfor trihydroxy-BA. The extent of its recovery in bile is also related tothe administered dose like it has been observed for cholic acid (Roda A.et al. Hepatology. 8,1571-6,1988).

Taking into account the compound Ih3e physicochemical properties, weexpected that this compound would be absorbed by a passive diffusionmechanism (Log P=1.44) and an active mechanism did not seem to beinvolved. The presence of three hydroxyl groups allows the molecule tobe efficiently taken up by the liver and secreted into bile. The 6-ethylgroup prevents also the intestinal bacteria 7-dehydroxylation as shownin the previous report.

Results-Biliary Secretion-Compound Ii3e

The biliary secretion of compound Ii3e after iv infusion is reported inFIG. 25. The kinetic profile indicates that the compound is metabolizedby the liver more extensively than compound Ih3e. The parent compound issecreted in bile as such and to a less extent as taurine conjugate. Inrespect to its diasteroisomer compound Ih3e, the percentage ofconjugation is higher and the maximum secretion rate of the unconjugatedform is lower. This suggests that the C-23(R) isomer presents a sidechain geometry and orientation more suitable for the amidation processin respect to the isomer (S) which is secreted as unconjugated form athigher percentage. The conjugation with taurine contributes to improvecompound Ii3e recovery in bile which is approx. 70-80% of theadministered dose. Other minor metabolites including glucuronides havebeen identified in bile in trace amount (FIGS. 28-29).

Hepatic Metabolism Methods

Using data obtained from previous experiments as well as structural andphysicochemical properties of the studied analogues, a preliminaryscreen was carried out to search for possible metabolites.

Compound Ih3e

This molecule was mainly secreted as parent compound (unmodified) andwas only slightly metabolized by the liver. The main metabolite was thetaurine conjugated species and, at very low levels, the mono-glucuronidespecies was detected (FIG. 26-27). The presence of the methyl group inC-23 position hinders the conjugation process with taurine and glycinewhich is required for an efficient secretion of almost all naturallyoccurring carboxylated BAs; this is crucial for dihydroxy BA and to alesser extent for trihydroxy BA since they are already quite polar.Formation of glucuronides could become relevant if administered athigher doses.

Compound Ii3e

This molecule was mainly secreted as parent compound (unmodified) andwas also metabolized by the liver to form the taurine conjugated specieand, at very low levels, the mono-glucuronide specie. (FIG. 27-29).

The presence of the methyl group in C-23 position hinders theconjugation process with taurine and glycine which is required for anefficient secretion of almost all naturally occurring carboxylated BAs;this is crucial for dihydroxy BA and to a lesser extent for trihydroxyBA, since they are already quite polar. Formation of glucuronides couldbecome relevant if the molecule is administered at higher doses.

Compound Ii3e is secreted in bile in higher percentage than thediasteroisomer compound Ih3e as taurine conjugated form, 20-30% vs 5-10%and this accounts for the different side chain geometry and to aslightly higher lipophilicity of compound Ii3e.

Compound Ih3e is moderately hydrophilic and has a mild detergency. Itshepatic uptake seems efficient. The biliary secretion is also efficientconsidering that the compound is secreted mainly unmodified and, to alimited extent, conjugated with taurine. The intestinal absorptionoccurs via passive mechanism like naturally occurring unconjugated BAand the kinetics is similar to that of cholic acid slightly lower thatdihydroxy bile acids (Aldini R. et al. Steroids 61, 590-7, 1996).

Compound Ih3e does not require extensive hepatic metabolism at theadministered dose to be secreted into bile. The presence of the methylgroup in the C-23 (S) position prevents extensive conjugation withtaurine and the molecule can be efficiently secreted unmodified. Anincreased hepatic residence time of the molecule results from a ductularabsorption since this molecule undergoes to a cholehepatic shuntpathway, which is responsible for its potent choleretic effect.

Compound Ii3e is the diasteroisomer of compound Ih3e. Compound Ii3e ischaracterized by a slightly lower hydrophilicity as a result of thedifferent side chain geometry. Therefore, the C-23 carboxy group isdifferently oriented and this accounts for the differenthydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the molecule. As a consequence of itshigher lipophilicity the molecule requires a more extensive conjugationwith taurine in respect to compound Ih3e. The side chain geometry of thelast compound probably produces a BA with a lower substrate specificitytoward the enzyme responsible for the conjugation mediated by CoAactivation process. The final result is that compound Ii3e is secretedin bile in an higher conjugated percentage than compound Ih3e.

Other Embodiments

While the invention has been described in conjunction with the detaileddescription thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrateand not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scopeof the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications arewithin the scope of the following claims. It will be understood by thoseskilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be madetherein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed bythe appended claims.

1. A method of treating or preventing disease in a subject comprisingadministering a compound Ih3e having the chemical structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, glycine ortaurine amino acid conjugate or prodrug thereof, wherein the disease isselected from metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, liver disease,autoimmune disease, cardiac disease, kidney disease, cancer, andgastrointestinal disease.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein themetabolic disease is selected from diabesity, metabolic syndrome,insulin resistance, including pre-diabetic insulin resistance,hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein theinflammatory disease is selected from allergy, osteoarthritis (OA),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), appendicitis, bronchialasthma, pancreatitis, allergic rash, and psoriasis.
 4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the autoimmune disease is selected from rheumatoidarthritis, multiple sclerosis, and erythematosus.
 5. The method of claim1, wherein the gastrointestinal disease selected from inflammatory boweldisease, short bowel syndrome, microscopic colitis, irritable bowelsyndrome, and bacterial overgrowth.
 6. The method of claim 5, whereinthe inflammatory bowel disease is selected from Crohn's disease andulcerative colitis.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the short bowelsyndrome is post-radiation colitis.
 8. The method of claim 5, whereinthe irritable bowel syndrome is malabsorption.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein the kidney disease is selected from diabetic nephropathy,chronic renal failure, glomerular nephritis, hypertensivenephrosclerosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic transplantglomerulopathy, chronic interstitial nephritis, and polysystic kidneydisease.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is selected fromcolorectal cancer, liver cancer, heptacellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, renal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostatecancer, and insulanoma.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the liverdisease selected from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, nonalcoholic fattyliver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, druginduced hepatitis, hemochromatosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primarysclerosing cholangitis, portal hypertension, bile desaturation,Gaucher's disease, Wilson's disease, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, totalparenteral nutrition (TPN), cholelithiasis, TPN-associated cholestasisand sepsis.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the cardiac diseaseselected from congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction,atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, arteriosclerosis and cerebrovasculardisease.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the cerebrovascular diseaseis selected from hemorrhage, stroke, and cerebrovascular infarction. 14.The method of claim 1, further comprising administering at least onepharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 15. A kit for treating orpreventing disease in a subject, wherein the kit comprises a compoundIh3e having the chemical structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, glycine ortaurine amino acid conjugate or prodrug thereof.
 16. A method ofpreventing diabetes or obesity in a subject comprising administering acompound Ih3e having the chemical structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, glycine ortaurine amino acid conjugate or prodrug thereof.